Social Networking Websites Usage Towards Academic Performance Education Essay

neighborly Networking Websites Us come along Towards Academic Performance t separatelying method EssayThis chapter covers astir(predicate) the literature re turn over on the Social Networking Sites (SNS) manipulation towards donnish executing. The resources pulmonary tuberculosisd in this chapter such(prenominal) as books and articles be from e-book available in the net and Perpustakaan Tun Abdul Razak (PTAR) collections. The collections utilized be primary and secondary sources which were obtained from the interviews, printed and online interlingual rendition of books and articles. The articles apply are available in PTAR library databases such as Science Direct, Emerald Management Extra, H.W. Wilson, ProQuest and separates. The journal titles that were referred to are info processing systems in Human Behavior, Computers Education, Computers and report card and mevery such(prenominal). The keywords enforced during the probing process such as Social Networking Sites (SNS), Facebook, Computer and internet c only, SNS and schoolchild proceeding. This chapter will cover five sections which are computer and internet determination, affectionate wind vaneing use, SNS and donnish surgery, factors of use SNS and overly avail of SNS towards educatee performance.2.1 Academic performanceIn educational institutions, school-age childs usu onlyy world analyses and evaluate based on their performance in their academician. It refers to how school-age childs deal with their studies and how they get by with or accomplish diametrical tasks given up to them by their teachers. Besides that, academic performance also goat be analysed in term of the faculty of the students to analyse and remember facts and the ability to communicate their knowledge verbally or in written form.Azizi Hj. Yahaya (2004) stated that thither are four factors that make up ones mind students academic performance which are roles of teachers or schools, peers , parents and the students themselves. He stated that the roles of students cover the aspects of the nature of the skill process, the goals of the breeding process, construction of knowledge, strategic thinking and lastly on thinking about thinking. He then explained that the self-made student should be an active, goal-directed, self-regulating, and assume personal responsibility for contri entirelying to their own learning. It can be concluded that the academic performance was reflects by the factors that define the outcomes of boffo students during their learning process. However, the students themselves should determine their goals and champion their selves so that they can achieve undefeated results in their academic performance.Kirschner and Karpinski (2010) revealed that it is difficult to measure the academic performance oddly in term of defining the academic performance itself. there are many ways to measure the academic performance either apply the GPA or the grad e such as A, B, C, D, and F). Other than that, the detective should relate the academic performance with the amount of time spent body of work such as effortless, weekly or monthly. ground on Karpinski (2009), academic performance is conceptualized diametrically amid schools, states and countries. Therefore, he stated that in that location is no accurate definition on the way to measure academic performance.2.2 Computer and internet useIn the Information Age, Information Technology (IT) and net profit skills are becoming increasely important, and those without these skills are at a damage economically and educationally. Schumacher and Morahan-Martin (2001) in their research base that the students had to a greater extent than exposure to computers than to the Internet. The study build that males were more experienced and account gameyer(prenominal) skill levels with the Internet than females, with the exception of e-mail. The students utilize email in order to fork up efficiently exchange digital randomness with classmates. Almost one third of the first-grade students do non soak up their own e-mail address at central office yet. The research also identify that more than half of the first-grade students report that they use their computers at least once a week to look for information on the Internet while one third of them employ e-mail or chat from fundament almost every mean solar day. The findings also fancys that a quarter of the students used the computer for this purpose every week and more than half use the computer every day for games or unison.A research do by Tsai and Tsai (2010) found that there is no profound sex battle in students total Internet Self-Efficacy Scale (ISES) rafts. However, a concentrateificant difference was found in the communicative Internet Self-Efficacy (ISE) tons in the midst of genders while further subscale. The female students had importantly higher scores than did the male students in the communication subscale. It can be concluded that the girls held momentously more confidence than the boys regarding Internet communication.The study also shows that Internet use experience both(prenominal) genders had a medium level of Internet knowledge experience in average. Therefore, there is no significant gender difference found in students Internet development experience. However, a significant gender difference was found in students weekly time spent where it determine that boys spent significant more time on utilize the Internet than did the girls every week.The study also found that there was a different purpose of using Internet among the genders where most of the girls used the Internet for searching, mailing, music listening, homework and talking while the boys mostly regained the Internet for game playing, searching and music listening. This result suggested that boys and girls might have different interests or motivations in utilizing the Internet.McCarthy ( 2000) stated in his article that in the early 2000s, schools at all levels in many countries began to prepare all students for Internet literacy and to promote Internet-based learning for manner-long learning. The result from Tsai and Lins (2004) research make in Taiwan showed that the girls had significantly higher Internet self-efficacy than the boys while high school male students still had develop Internet attitudes in rough aspects. match to Hille (2009), the article mentioned that adolescent students whitethorn immersed in online gaming, chatting or another(prenominal) online entertainment, and even become habituated if there is no effective make outment and supervision from their parents and teachers. The students may also ambush to pornographic and violent contents flooding the Internet.Wainer et al. (2008) found that from seven social economic classes, it shows that there is a decrease in test performance among the younger and the poorer students and their computer use is higher than other. Other than that, it also identify that there is a significant decrease in the grades of those who use computers more frequently when compared with those who never use computers for assignments. While the poorest socioeconomic class shows that there is a 15% reduction in test scores.The research through by Yang and Tung (2008) showed that 236 subjects from a total of 1708 were identified as addicts using the eight-item Internet addiction using Internet addiction Diagnostic Questionnaire (DQ) positive by Young (1996b) to distinguish addicts from non-addicts . The findings showed that there are significant different levels of influence of the Internet between the Internet addicts and non-addicts in five aspects of life other than peer dealing. The Internet addicts believed that the Internet invalidatingly influenced their school learning, daily routines, health, and parental relations as well as teacher relations while the Internet positively influenced al l six aspects of the lives of non-addicts. In old studies, high school students displayed problematic consequences of Internet dependence, for instance, skipping meals, losing sleep and study time, increasing financial cost for on-line activity, and rearranging daily routines or even neglecting studies to buy the farm more time online (Brenner, 1996 Egger Rauterberg, 1996 Young, 1996b) as cited in Yang and Tung (2008).Based on Youngs study (1998) cited in Yang and Tung (2008), it was found that Internet dependents step by step reduced the time spent with family and friends while increasing time in front of their computers. This phenomenon may apply for some Taiwanese Internet users, but the data in this study demonstrated a negative influence on parents but no disruption of peer alliances for either addicts or non-addict. The findings of this study confirmed those of Kandell (1998), Lin and Tsai (2002) and Chou and Hsiao (2000) as quoted in Yang and Tung (2008), that both the a ddict and non-addict groups saw the Internet as positively influencing their relationships with friends and schoolmates. Statistical results pointed that Internet addicts spent approximately 21.2 hours per week on the Internet, while non-addicts spent slightly 12.1 hours per week.This study assumes that most college students, living away from parental monitoring and with fewer classes than high school students, have extensive freedom to explore barbaric activities that might lead to Internet addiction. This study finds a level of report Internet work among high school Internet addicts that is comparable to that for addicted college students.Uaks (2007) study revealed that most of the students of the Department of Information Management in Hacettepe University, Ankara uses the Internet every day. Based on the results, the majority access the Internet from their departments computers fol downhearteded by accessing from their home. However, the rate of access from Internet cafes and the library is low. The results show that a vast purposes of using the Internet such as for their courses, homework assignments followed by using the Internet for personal interest and for e-mails. Some of them used the Internet to listen for music, games, and entertainment option while chat comes in the last place.SNSThe experiences and opinions of the social network influence contraceptive decisionsin this existence of young, minority women. The social network, including friends, family members,and media sources, is a key source of contraceptive information for many women. Comprehensivecontraception counseling should explore the experiences and opinions of the patients social networkto the extent possible. Lynn Yee, M.D., M.P.H.a, and Melissa Simon, M.D., M.P.H(2009)Results show upd that students useFacebook approximately 30 min end-to-end the day as part of their daily routine. Studentscommunicated on Facebook using a one-to-many style, in which they were the creatorsdissemin ating content to their friends. Even so, they spent more time observant content onFacebook than actually come ining content. Facebook was used most practically for social interaction,primarily with friends with whom the students had a pre-established relationship offline. Inaddition to determinate indistinguishability markers of emerging adulthood, such as religion, political ideology,and work, young adults also used media preferences to express their identity. Implications ofsocial networking site use for the development of identity and peer relationships are discourseed.Tiffany A. Pempek, Yevdokiya A. Yermolayeva, Sandra L. Calvert(2008)An individuals success in society depends on the sort and size of his/her social networkand ability to network and form connections with other social groups. Organisations which canharness this innate human ability to manage knowledge will be able to depress transactions costs andbecome more profitable. Anria Sophia van Zyl (2008)Regression a nalyses conducted onresults from a opinion of undergraduate students (N = 286) suggest a strong associationbetween use of Facebook and the three types of social capital, with the strongest relationship existence to bridging social capital. In addition, Facebook enjoyment was found tointeract with measures of psychological well-being, suggesting that it might providegreater benefits for users experiencing low self-esteem and low life satisfaction. Nicole B. EllisonCharles SteinfieldCliff Lampe(2007)2.3 SNS use and academic performanceAccording to Boyd Ellison (2008), Social-networking sites (hereafter SNS) are the latest online communication brute that allows users to create a public or private profile to interact with people in their networks. They then delimit SNS as web-based services that allow individuals to construct a public or semi-public profile within a bounded system, aver a list of other users with whom they share a connection and view and traverse their list of con nections and those made by others within the systemThere are few studies that had been done in findings the significant of SNS with academic performance. Kirschner and Karpinski (2010) had conducted a research on the Facebook (FB) and academic performance. FB is a part of the examples of SNS that was recently being used by many people including the students. Barratt, Hendrickson, Stephens and Torres (2005) stated that the increased of FBs popularity has raises questions about its impact on college student life. The FB was firstly introduced by Mark Zuckerberg in 2005 to friend residential college and university students identify students in other residence halls. The usage of FB than has been expanded to individuals outside the college and university system. It has been identified that the usage of FB covers all group of age with mostly the age between 25 to 34 year-olds (Lipsman, 2007). However, even though there was an increase growth in older age groups, FB cadaver primarily a college- age and emerging adult phenomenon.From the statistics collected by the FB administrative that showed in the website, http//www.facebook.com/press/info.php?statistics, it recorded that there are cholecalciferol million of active users registered and half of them log in any given day while 55 million updates post each day with more than 8 billion minutes spent on the website general each. The statistic also identified that more than 2.5 billion photos uploaded each month, more than 14 million videos uploaded each month, more than 30 billion pieces of content, for instance web links, refreshings stories, blog posts, notes, photos shared each week, more than 3.5 million events created each month, and more than 45 million active user groups existing. It can be concluded that Facebook is a popular time-consuming activity that undoubtedly has some impact on college student life.Based on study done by Espinosa, Laffey, Whittaker, and Sheng (2006), they investigated the role of engineering science in early childhood development using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study. From the findings, it indicated that access contributed to the learning potential of the students, but the researchers concerned that parents should pull ahead the educational use of engineering science to improve academic achievement. Apart from that, according to Lei and Zhao (2005), it was explored that the specifics of access, acknowledging that quantity is not as important as quality when it comes to engine room use and student achievement. Specifically, when the quality of technology use is not closely monitored or ensured, computer use may do more harm than good to student achievement in school.Hunley et al. (2005) identified that there is no relationship found between time spent on the computer at home and GPA in a sample of adolescents. Technology was found to have a positive impact on academic achievement, or technology with educational value. However, Kubey, Lavin and Barrows (2001), mentioned that other researchers have found that recreational Internet use is strongly correlated with impaired academic performance. The results showed that approximately 10-15% of study participants reported feeling not being in complete control of their Internet use, and that it has hurt their schoolwork. Furthermore, they also identified that students who reported Internet caused schoolwork problems were found to have spent five times more hours online than those who did not, and they were also significantly more likely to report that their Internet use caused them to stay up late, get less sleep, and miss classes.The researchers conclude that it is not so much the Internet that causes these problems as the new social opportunities of the Internet. Students who reported academic problems were more likely to use the Internet for real-time social activities such as IM and chat rooms which lead to them to sleep late at night. Karpinski and Duberstein (2009) on their exploratory survey study identified that there is a negative relationship between FB use and academic achievement as measurable by self-reported GPA and hours spent studying per week. Hargittai (2009) stated that there is no evidence found to prove the relationship of Facebook usage with low academic performance. Banquil et al. (2009) in their research found that social networking sites do not indicate negative effects on a students performance in school.2.4 Factors of using the social networking sites among the studentsYang and Tung (2008) stated the Internet addicts usually used the websites and SNS because of lower self-esteem than non-addicts. They are more confident to communicate or interact through the Internet rather than face to face with people.Yap (2008) identified that, the main factor of using the SNS is because the users need not pay any fees due to the free membership. Furthermore, it is easy to use the SNS whereby the users only need to sign up by filling the form and active the link direct via their email.The students and users also can post advertisements there in order to other members of an event that they are hosting. It is also an opportunity for them to make new friends, use them every day to chat, play games and connect with friends, family and strangers.2.5 Usefulness of the social networking sites towards student performanceThe SNS enjoyment as a communication tools using the technology connection between people from different locations, for instance the existing of Facebook is to help residential college and university students identify students in other residence halls which also function as an online directory that connects people through social networks at colleges and universities before it is for the most part used worldwide.According to Pineda (2010), the students and SNS users used it to keep in touch by maintaining a profile on these sites, their loved ones, friends and distant relatives which they do not have to c all the users every time just to stay in touch with one another. Besides that, the students can take advantage to post their resume and credentials to the companies that advertise vacancy in the SNS.Dalsgaard (n.d.) discussed how the social networking may be utilized within university education by students sharing information and resources that are originally developed for themselves but made available to others such as using bookmarks, references, links, and notes. He stated that social networking sites are not the new Learning Management Systems. He mentioned that the SNs can be used as a discussion forums and other tools for direct communication and coaction focus on direct sharing, social networking can support students corroborative sharing of resources, thoughts, ideas, productions, writings, notes and others. It will provide the students with an increased consciousness and awareness of the activities of other students.Brady, Holcomb and Smith (2010) identified that educati on-based SNSs can be used most efficaciously in distance education courses as a technological tool to improve online communications among students in higher distance education courses. According to Barab and Duffy (2000) and DeSchryver, Mishra, Koehler and Francis (2009), they found that distance education courses are often more successful when they develop communities of practice while Anderson (2005) later added that it is also encourage high levels of online social presence among students.Brady, Holcomb and Smith (2010) stated that since the SNS facilitate the sharing of information, the technologies used in SNSs aid discussion and create intimacy among online students, as they have their ability to connect and build community in a socially and educationally constructed network. Besides, the article also stated that SNS created specifically for an educational listening provides a unique opportunity for educators to facilitate a strong good sense of community among students and encourage personal interactions that can lead to the creation of new knowledge and collective intelligence.Smith (2009) as cited in Brady, Holcomb and Smith (2010) stated that, course management systems (CMS) such as Blacktable and Moodle, tend to be much focused and lack the personal touch and networking capacity that SNSs offer. For instance, instructors using CMS may create a question in an online discussion board and each student posts a response. However, these student posts are really not interactions at all, but merely question and answer sessions. Using an SNS that is user centered compared to CMS, it has the potential to increase student engagement. SNSs can actively encourage online community building, extending learning beyond the boundaries of the classroom.Bai (2003), indicated that social presence leads to reduced feelings of bleakness and impassiveness while simultaneously encouraging student interaction and connection in online courses.2.6 Conceptual FrameworkEase of useStudent performanceSNS usageUsefulnessModerating VariableDependent Variable nonsymbiotic VariablesFigure 1 Conceptual FrameworkFigure 1 shows the relationship on the effect of using the social networking sites (SNS) towards students performance. This conceptual framework is developed by the researcher herself based on the literature suss out done and gathered from previous studies. The figure shows that there are two factors that lead to the usage of the SNS which are the ease of use of the SNS itself and the usefulness the SNS bring to the SNS users. The first factor which is ease of use refers to several elements such as in them of the time response of the SNS, the simple rules and regulation apply and may be because of the attractive and simple design of the SNS itself. While, the usefulness can be defined as the benefits or advantages the users obtain in using the SNS. In this study it focuses more in the usefulness of SNS in the students performance.Besides that, it sho ws the relationship between the usage of the SNS with the students performance. The study wants to identify and determine whether there is any significant relationship on the usage of the SNS in the students performance.2.7 ConclusionThis literature review provides the brief ideas and information regarding the issues on whether there is any relationship between the usages of the SNS towards students performance. It provides findings done by the previous researchers on the similar topic and all the supports has been included and further revise in this chapter 2. The next chapter will discuss on the methodology that will be used in the study. The precise information regarding the methodology will be further discussed in the Chapter 3.