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Tuesday, January 28, 2020

Anonymity and Loss of Self in Crowd Theory

Anonymity and Loss of Self in Crowd Theory Phillip Tyler In locating and explaining the place of anonymity in the behaviour of crowds, and its association with a loss of self (Dixon and Mahendra, 2012), an appeal must be made to crowd behavioral theory and evidence to support these theories. This paper will look to the history of the study of crowds, the process of de-individuation and the theory of crowds based on a theory of social identity to provide a picture of the place of anonymity in crowd theory, and the association with loss of self. The first instance of anonymity being a quality significant to crowd behaviour, can be found in the work of Le Bon. Le Bon laid foundations for the psychological study of crowds with his 1895 text La Psychologie Des Foules, in which he described crowds in generally negative and unfavourable ways. He remarked on their tendency towards impulsive behaviours, to become easily irritated and their seeming inability to use reason to decide action (Le Bon, 1896). This last quality was among the most important for Le Bon, as he believed that the crowd lost any individuals rationality and, therefore, could not be rational in itself. Instead, there existed a group mind that the individual became a part of, and this experience brought to the fore deeply hidden tendencies for aggression, leading to similarly aggressive actions, all of which was made possible by the removal of the rationality of thinking actions through to their consequences. The crowd was highly open to emotional and ideological suggestion, with sentiment able to move through the crowd swiftly as if such things were contagious (Dixon and Mahen dra, 2012). All this was made possible by the key feature of anonymity. Actions could be performed without thought for consequence because it was the crowd, and not the individual, performing the action; the individual remains unseen or anonymous, and hence defers responsibility for said action from them personally, to the crowd. For Le Bon, anonymity and loss of individual self were clearly and strongly associated, as when becoming part of the group the individual gave up their individuality. Le Bons work was based largely on distanced observation and his work was unsupported by evidence as would be required by modern psychology. He also had little experience of being in a crowd himself, this coupled with his belonging to a higher social class, could have led to his negative outlook on crowds. Though, it is mostly the lack of evidence that makes Le Bons case for anonymity less convincing, his was a stepping stone for other theorists and researchers to take the quality of anonymity on to sturdier ground. Anonymity was defined more clearly by Festinger, Pepitone and Newcome in 1952 as a reduction in the individuals perceptions that they are, personally, being noticed and evaluated for responsibility for actions performed (Dixon and Mahendra, 2012). This sense of anonymity was key to their theory that claimed that this reduced perception allowed an individual to stop seeing themselves as singular, but more immersed in the group, which then led to a group or crowd being able to be more uninhibited and impulsive than any one individual, a process they called deindividuation. This theory replaced Le Bons and was able to be formalised for the gathering of evidence by stating requirements for deindividuation to occur, measuring psychological changes in people in the deindividuated state and observing changes in behaviours. The association with loss of self can also be seen here, as the individual stops seeing themselves as singularly responsible, and part of something larger. Zimbardo (1969) put forward that the individual feels less morally culpable for any harm the group may cause. It is for this reason that each member of the group feels less responsible for the actions of the group as a whole that more violent and aggressive behaviour is sometimes exhibited (Dixon and Mahendra, 2012). Zimbardo found that participants in a scenario where some wore masks and cloaks to hide their appearance, gave higher electric shocks to other participants, than those with their appearances un-masked (Zimbardo, 1969). Robert Watson (1973) found that those involved in violent clashes with other groups, who had first altered their appearance with masks or paint, perpetrated more acts of heightened and prolonged violence than those that did not. Some research seeks to take measurements other than violence or aggression as a measure of the effects of anonymity. Participants in a darkened room took to feeling more intimate towards one another other as was evidenced by their conversation, touching and feelings of sexual arousal (Gergen, Gergen and Barton, 1973), over participants in a non-darkened condition. This experiment shows that aggression isnt the only possible outcome of anonymity, and may not be an inevitable one. The anonymity provided by the darkness allowed for curiosity to develop, producing the conversation of a more serious and intimate nature than the other condition produced, allowing for the possibility that its the context of the crowd plus anonymity, rather than anonymity on its own, that influences crowd behaviour (Dixon and Mahendra, 2012). When general social rules are not applicable, such as meeting strangers in the dark, curiosity rather than aggression was the response. This may still represent a loss of self, though not a negatively focused, aggressive or violent one. The loss of self in this example could be seen a s a dropping of usual personal inhibitions, then cued by the context of the crowd to pursue personal conversation rather than the violence seen in the previous examples. If violence is the measurement taken by the experiment, then that feature is present in the crowd context and taken up by deinvididuated participants, when this is not the case, participants are not naturally violent. When masked and told to administer electric shocks to participants, those dressed as Ku Klux Klan members did so with marginally more intensity than those in unmasked Ku Klux Klan costumes. Though, those dressed in nurses uniformed did so significantly less, when masked, compared to unmasked nurses, and both KKK groups (Johnson and Downing, 1979). This suggests, quite strongly that there is a loss of self that comes with anonymity, but that the contextual cues taken by participants , for example, from being dressed as part of a group whos associated qualities involved caring and compassion, are significantly important. If anonymity and a mask produced more violent behaviour in KKK costumes than unmasked, it does follow that there is to be an increase in caring and compassion from those dressed as nurses, in the masked versus the unmasked condition, because the participant relies on the qualities of the group they are associated with, and its these qualities that become exaggerated. T his may be a loss of self through anonymity, but in becoming part of the group, the groups social identity cues become guides for behaviour. An alternate view to the way deindividuation theory looks at crowd behaviour is to say rather than becoming part of a group mind, or losing ones rationality to the crowd through anonymity, crowds are made up of people with similar, if broader, social identities, and that these identities are exaggerated, or brought to the fore, by being a member of this group. Football matches are a good example. People who may have nothing else in common, but support the same football team, for example, may act in unison as a group when at a football game, as the contextual cues bring these in-group qualities to the fore. Anonymous in a crowd in a football stadium and identifying with the social context, rather than losing ones self, crowd members act according to their social identity. It is this social identity that provides guidelines for behaviour, rather than being the cause of breakdown of all social rules, leading to violent or aggressive behaviour (Dixon and Mahendra, 2012). Motivated by the context to act in ways approved by in-group values and to demonstrate in-group membership, behaviour can sometimes be predicted more accurately because the individuals desire to remain as part of the in-group means they tend to adhere more to in-group behavioural norms. Adhering close to ones social identity, when in a social setting, does not necessarily represent a loss of self, as the qualitie s being displayed are part of the individual as a whole, it is simply the context they are in that bring them to the fore. When viewed from an outsiders point of view, crowd behaviour seems to include an inevitable loss of self, stemming from the individuals experience of anonymity that leads to aggression and violent tendencies in behaviour. When violence is not the measurement taken, other outcomes are shown that include intimacy and conversation. The view of social identity theory is that individuals in crowds do not necessarily experience a loss of self, rather it is that social identity informs behaviour and in-group values and behavioural norms are more likely to influence behaviour of the group than individual identity. References Dixon, J., and Mahendra, K. (2012) Crowds in Holloway, W., Lucey, H., Phoenix, A. and Lewis, G. (eds) Social Psychology Matters, Milton Keynes, The Open University. Festinger, L., Peptone, A. and Newcome, T. (1952) as cited in Dixon and Mahendra (2012) p6. Gergen, K., Gergen, M. and Barton, W. (1973) as cited in Dixon and Mahendra (2012) p10. Johnson, R. D. and Downing, L. L. (1979) as cited in Dixon and Mahendra (2012) p8. Le Bon, G. (1896), as cited in Dixon and Mahendra (2012) p5. Watson, R. I. (1973) as cited in Dixon and Mahendra (2012) p8. Zimbardo, P. G. (1969) as cited in Dixon and Mahendra (2012) p6-7.

Sunday, January 19, 2020

Training Day :: Training Day Movie

In 2001, one of the most memorable performance’s in Hollywood was Honored with an Academy Award, for Best Actor In A Leading Role. The Oscar, went to Denzel Washington, for is amazing performance in Training Day. A powerful departure from his good guy roles, Denzel Washington, plays Alonzo Harris, a street smart, crocked, undercover narc, out on the mission to save his ass, from the Russian mob. On the day in question, he is giving rookie cop Jake Hoyt (Ethan Hawke) a chance to prove himself worthy to be a part of his elite squad of undercover narcotics officers. From the beginning of the film, in the early hours of the morning, in the city of Los Angeles, we are introduced to Jake Hoyt, a first time father, getting ready for his first day of training, with his senior partner, Alonzo. Little does he know, that he is in for the rockiest 24 hours of his life. Jake is alarmed at Alonzo's unorthodoxy, which includes making him smoke pot so he'll know what it feels like, drinking on the job, and letting bad guys go if they're not "important" enough to spend time on. The violence is minimal until the finale, when Alonzo is killed by the Russian Mafia, which more than makes up for the lack of bullets seen in the first 100 minutes. Whether the violence is necessary or gratuitous depends on your point of view. To me, violence is unjustified only when it doesn't fit the context or when the film hasn't already earned my respect, causing the blood to turn me off even more. The idea that Fuqua ( the director) employed violence just for attention never crossed my mind, as the film was compelling enough already. Surely he knew he didn't need it as a gimmick. He included it because it works. There was nothing different from this movie compared to many others, Fuqua didn’t use any special camera techniques, that really made you say â€Å"WOW,† but the movie was really, well written, and directed, Fuqua captured the true essence of the streets of Los Angeles, to some this is just a movie, with a brilliant performance from Denzel Washington. Alonzo isn’t my only favorite, money hungry character, who gets played at the end. One of my favorite movies was directed by acclaimed music video director, Hype Williams. He made his debut in 1998, with

Saturday, January 11, 2020

Bottle vs breastfeeding Essay

As a nurse, I will tell the young mother that breastfeeding is always better than bottle feeding. As a new parent, it is her responsibility to make sure her baby will get off to a good nutritional start. Breastfeeding does have its’ benefits. There is no doubt that breastfeeding contains all the nutrients your baby needs for proper growth and development. Studies prove that breast milk provides optimal health benefits for your newborn. Mother’s milk is easily digested, has perfectly matched nutrition for the baby, and is filled with antibodies that protect against infection. Furthermore, breastfed babies are less likely to suffer from ear infections, diaper rash, and intestinal upsets. In addition, breast milk offers immune system boosters and fatty acids specific to humans that promote optimal brain growth. Not only does breastfeeding benefit your baby, it has many advantages for you. Breastfeeding is convenient. There is no need to get out of bed at 2 a.m. to prepare a bottle. All you have to do is hold your baby to your chest and feed. Next, breastfeeding is very economical. Since breast milk is self- produced, you don’t need money to buy an endless supply of food. Last, breastfeeding is helpful in the process of returning your body to its normal state. While feeding, hormones are produced that make your organs contract into their natural size. One con about breastfeeding is that nursing is definitely time-consuming. A newborn baby typically feed every 2 to 3 hours during the day and may awaken frequently at night. Another con is breastfeeding takes a lot of energy for your body to make milk, so the mother can often feel quite fatigued. Another con is sometimes mothers have physical problems like mastitis, plugged milk ducts and engorgement if the baby is not feeding frequently or properly. If you are a working mother you might find it challenging to schedule nursings. It will be necessary to pump at work and some jobs may not allow for such breaks . 1 What if she has to return to work? Like I said, if you are a working mother, you might find it challenging to schedule nursings. It will be necessary to pump at work and some jobs may not allow for such breaks. But, to breastfeed you will have to find time  during the day, during the afternoon, during the evening, and if possible at night to pump. 2 Should people be allowed to breastfeed in public eg a restaurant? So , if you are eating in a restaurant, should your baby eat from the breast? Yes, mothers should be allowed to breastfeed in public, even at a restaurant. Breastfeeding is completely natural, and it should be acceptable. Breasts were not intended for sex; they were intended to be used to breastfeed whenever and wherever the baby needs to be fed. Yes, it may be inappropriate if an entire breast is shown, but most mothers take caution in not exposing all of themselves. They are simply trying to feed their child. 3 What if the patient is from a third world country? I would give the same advice to a third world country mother, as I would to an American mother. I would not discriminate. So, she is from a third world country, to be talking to me she is in America now and there are plenty of free nutritional programs for her and her baby to take part in. I would still advise breastfeeding her baby. 4 Is there a federal/state law that governs breastfeeding? Section 7(r) of the Fair Labor Standards Act – Break Time for Nursing Mothers Provision President Obama signed the Affordable Care Act (ACA) on March 30, 2010. (See the combined full text of Public Laws 111-148 and 111-152 here.) Among many provisions, Section 4207 of the law amends the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) of 1938 (29 U.S. Code 207) to require an employer to provide reasonable break time for an employee to express breast milk for her nursing child for one year after the child’s birth each time such employee has need to express milk. The employer is not required to compensate an employee receiving reasonable break time for any work time spent for such purpose. The employer must also provide a place, other than a bathroom, for the employee to express breast milk. If these requirements impose undue hardship, an employer that employs fewer than 50 employees is not subject to these requirements. The federal requirements shall not preempt a state law that provides greater protections to employees. http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/breastfeeding-state-laws.aspx 5 Does men have a different opinion about breastfeeding as compared to women? I could not find a difference of opinion on breastfeeding by men. I read  where most men support breastfeeding. Most men found breastfeeding to be healthier for baby and mother. Most men find that breastfeeding saves them a lot of money. Most of them do not mind their wives breastfeeding in public too. 6 Should you heat a bottle in a microwave? The microwave changes the molecular structure of whatever you heat up in there. Breastmilk has essential nutrients that your baby can benefit from so you don’t want to deprive your baby from that! I would say to not take any chances. Take the extra time for the benefit of your baby and run the bottle under warm water or put it in a bowl of warm water or get a bottle warmer. It is not advised to heat up formula or breastmillk in microwave. I wouldn’t risk it. (7) Should you put a child to bed with a bottle in his/her mouth? Letting your baby go to sleep in his crib with a bottle of milk or juice is not a good idea. Not only will your child come to depend on having a bottle to get to sleep, but leaving a bottle in your sleeping baby’s mouth can cause tooth decay. There is a chance your baby may choke and it also can be the cause of a chronic ear infection. When a baby drinks lying flat on their back the milk can flow through their ear cavity causing infection. It is not recommended to put a bottle in the crib with the baby. I suggest a pacifier. That might be a better alternative. References: Breast vs. Bottlefeeding. (2008, May 19). In WriteWork.com. Retrieved 19:08, October 12, 2014, from http://www.writework.com/essay/breast-vs-bottlefeeding Examine best practice in breastfeeding.. (2004, January 11). In WriteWork.com. Retrieved 19:06, October 12, 2014, from http://www.writework.com/essay/examine-best-practice-breastfeeding Breastfeeding and the Workplace. (2004, March 01). In WriteWork.com. Retrieved 19:06, October 12, 2014, from http://www.writework.com/essay/breastfeeding-and-workplace http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/breastfeeding-state-laws.aspx

Friday, January 3, 2020

Impact of Reward System on Employee Motivation - 3826 Words

CREATING EFFECTIVE ORGANIZATION (SECTION: 2) â€Å"IMPACT OF REWARD SYSTEM ON EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION† SUBMITTED TO: SIR RAZA NAQVI SUBMITTED BY: (Group#6) Shazia faiz (MM111119) Zainab Hassan (MM111027) Robeela qayyum (MM103070) DATE: 22 JUNE 2011 â€Å"IMPACT OF REWARD SYSTEM ON EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION† Shazia Faiz, Zainab Hassan Robeela Qayyum Abstract The purpose of the study was to investigate and analyze the impact of reward system on employee motivation and how well the current reward system was helping to generate employee motivation. Employees can be motivated on the job by many things such as intrinsic rewards (recognition, autonomy, responsibility, importance) and extrinsic rewards (pay, promotion, bonus,†¦show more content†¦1-Maslows hierarchy of Needs and goal setting theory: Maslows hierarchy of Needs is a theory of personality that identifies five basic need categories: Self-actualization; Personal growth and development /fulfillment Esteem needs: Achievement, status, responsibility, reputation Social needs: Family, affection, work group, relationships Safety needs: Protection, security, law, limits, stability Physiological needs: Air, food, shelter, sex, sleep, warmth The higher-order needs including belonging, esteem, and self-actualization are not seen important until the lower-order needs which are safety and physiological are satisfied. Its higher order needs strongly complement the topic because when basic needs are satisfied, now individual looks for satisfying his social, esteem and self actualization needs. Motivation is a factor that makes him to excel in life. Management should find out what motivates the employees at each of the levels and develop a reward strategy accordingly. 2-Frederick Herzberg Two factor theory: Second theory bring into consideration is by Frederick Herzberg. His contribution to the management of employee motivation is ‘Two factor theory’ which is subcategorized into ‘hygiene factors’ and ‘motivators’. As hygiene factors do not necessarily motivate the employees, however when there is a lack of, or excess of any one of these factors, there is a chance that the employee may be dissatisfied and demotivated.Show MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Employee Motivation And Customer Retention Essay1634 Words   |  7 Pagesquality, customer loyalty, and work efficiency. 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