Women in Technology Essay -- Technology Technological Computers Essays

Women in TechnologyWomen have played a major piece in computing for centuries as well as men. The purpose of this publisher is to gain knowledge on women involved in technology who for some reason do not gain as much recognition as do men. There are numerous women within this field worth talking about, but the ones chosen were adenosine deaminase Byron, Grace Hopper, Evelyn Granville, and Krisztina Holly. The history of each soulfulness will be discussed as well as what form of influence they had in computers.IntroductionThe revolution of computers had begun centuries ago. It has been the work of many over the course of geezerhood to bring computers where they are today. For quite some time it entailed people with bright imaginations to come up with technological inventions. These inventions were then taken and built upon to improve its functionality. Finally, computers were no longer a revolution but an evolution since the 1950s. During the course of this time many men as well a s women had influenced technology. Unfortunately, women have not accepted the same form of recognition as the men have in this field of study. after carefully researching women in technology, it was observed on how true this was. It was tight to find the names of women who were influential in computing let alone their biographies. On the other hand, finding men who were involved in this field were numerous. After spending time finding a list of women who were instrumental in computing, it was then narrowed down to four women of interest. The first woman to be discussed is Ada Byron. Following her will be Grace Hopper, Evelyn Granville, and Krisztina Holly. Ada Byron, Lady Love LaceAda Byron, also known as Lady Lovelace, was born on December 10, 1815. She was the daughter of the famous poet, Lord Byron. Shortly after Ada was born, her mother asked for a separation from Lord Byron out of fear her daughter would buzz off a poet like her father. Because of this, she was taught to be a mathematician and scientist.Ada at the age of 19 was having dinner at her friends house when she first heard of Babbages cerebration to invent a new calculating engine. According to Toole, Babbage wanted a calculating engine that could not only foresee but could act on that foresight (2000). Ada was very intrigued by his ideas and began a friendship with Babbage shortly after. Ada predicted that a machine l... ... Each one of these women has had a tremendous role with computer advancement and deserves equal recognition for their accomplishments. It is up to computer science professors and major computer corporations to help get the word out on how women had a part in computer technology and still do. Maybe this will help take away many of the stereotypes and more women would have the desire to surveil a career in computer technology. The time has come for major corporations to highlight noteworthy talents and insights of women, which have remained relatively unknown outside the workplace. ReferencesDanis, S. (1997). Rear full admiral grace murray hopper. Retrieved February 10, 2006, from http//ei.cs.vt.edu/history/Hopper.Danis.htmlGranville, E. (2000). My life as a mathematician, by evelyn boyd granville. Retrieved February 10, 2006, from http//www.agnesscott.edu/lriddle/women/granvill.htmMIT. (2002). Krisztina holly engineer, entrepreneur. Retrieved February 10, 2006, fromhttp//web.mit.edu/invent/www/inventorsA-H/holly.htmlToole, B. (2000). Ada byron, lady lovelace (1818-1852). Retrieved February 10, 2006, From http//www.cs.yale.edu/homes/tap/files/ada-bio.html

The Electoral College: Rationale and Process Essay -- History Governme

The Founding Fathers wanted to distinguish the newly formed United States from a pure democracy. The Framers defined democracy as government decisions make directly by the people. They decided to use a republic form of government because it promised wiser government. This type of government would allow decisions to be made by representatives elected by people.The one issue styled under this republican representation was the process on how to choose a president. This process has been the source of continuing controversy for over two hundred years. There have been more attempts to change the twelfth amendment than every other provision in the Constitution. Ironically, in the debates precedent the ratification of the Constitution, the method of presidential selection was not very controversial. Alexander Hamilton wrote, The mode of appointment of the chief magistrate of the United States is almost the only part of the system, of any consequence which has escaped without severe censur e or which has received the slightest mark of approbation from its opponents (Wright 56).Alexander Hamilton was the chief architect of the electoral college since he distrusted frequent democracy. He said that the electoral college would ensure that a few men of insight and reflection would select the ablest president. Specifically, he wrote, A small number of persons, selected by their fellow-citizens from the world-wide mass would act under circumstances favorable to deliberation (Wright 59). Hamilton believed that the electoral college system would reduce civic unrest if public participation were directed to certify the results of a presidential election. He noted that the electoral college concept was less susceptible to political manipulation.However, the United States has moved away from the original republicanism rationale undergo by the Founding Fathers. Opponents of the electoral college, such as author Lawrence Longley state, Todays advancement in communications, compu ters, and polling computations has permitted our society to accept results the popular vote with confidence (18). However, the question remains, has the electoral college outlived it original intent and purpose? I believe that we need the electoral college to alleviate future problems that are associated with direct vote presidential elections. Moreover, we have use this system to select pr... ...wer. If it is proposed to change the balance of power of one of the elements of the solar system, it is necessary to consider the others. (Glennon 72).Much contemplation has been focused on solutions to resolve the perceive electoral college problems. However, too often these reformers ignore the rest of the political solar system. Their reforms vary because each have different objectives. These varying objectives are hoped to reinforce the value of federalism, to increase voters enthusiasm of national politics, lessen the danger of a national recount, strengthen (or weaken) the two-party system, or to elect better presidents. Each of these proposed reforms have somewhat ramifications on our political solar system.Today, Americans take pride in our history of peaceful transitions of power. Being so, the electoral college must be considered as a important centerpiece to this transition. It is reassuring to know that a handful of average citizens delegated responsibility by their states have been able to achieve what Mexico and the Philippines have not, undisputed electoral results derived from the popular vote. The electoral college has proven to be our political stability.

Catherines Inner Self in Henry Jamess Washington Square :: Henry James Washington Square

Catherines Inner Self in Henry Jamess uppercase SquareMuch is said of the internal reality of the characters in Henry Jamess myth Washington Square. It is seen as a psychological novel where most of the action takes place in the minds of the characters. In an essay titled, Washington Square A Study in the Growth of an Inner Self, James W. Gargano addresses the internal reality of the character Catherine Sloper. Within the essay, Gargano argues that James anatomizes the process by which Catherines active, secret existence transforms her into an imaginative fair sex (129). Although a few of his premises seem far-fetched, I agree with the major arguments of his critique. Most of his examples support his thesis well.Early in the essay Gargano states that, in Jamess fiction, naivete may wear the look of an empty mind, but it is often the ideal preparation for receiving life fully and impressionably (130). Gargano then tells us that Catherine will feel more intensely because she has no t known strong emotions before. According to him, her ingenuousness is the key to her genuineness and her sense of seeing, feeling, and judging life for the first time (130). I feel this is a key element in understanding Catherine.Gargano also brings out how well James traces Catherines developing insight (131) into her own nature. He refers to the part in the novel where James writes, She watched herself as she would have watched another person, and wondered what she would do (qtd. in Gargano 131). Then Gargano adds, it is hard to write off as dull a young woman with such a vivid contact with her own development and Gargano also felt that James intended the dullness to be ascribed to the bright people around her who never even glimpse her hidden abysses (131). This is an interesting viewpoint, which, when applied to the novel, adds a deeper perception of the characters.Some of Garganos other premises were not as insightful for me. For example, I had disarray with what Gargano call ed Catherines transcendentalizing imagination that causes her to create beautiful figments of Townsend that possess her and become the paramount value of her life, and other attachments, no matter how strong, must somehow accommodate themselves to it. (132). This contention tends to smear Catherines intelligence as well as her grasp of reality.I also disagreed with one of Garganos conclusions that, loss is the real goal for which Jamess central characters are secretly striving, that they involve life only to see that it falls below their lofty expectations and that mastery and transcendence are gained by renunciation (135).

Witchcraft In U.S. History Essay examples -- essays research papers

The religion of witchcraft dates back about 25,000 years, to the Paleolithic Age, where the God of Hunting and the Goddess of Fertility first appeared. Out of respect for the all overwhelming motive of Nature grew a belief in beings, gods, who controlled the winds, the seas, the earth and the fires (Rinehart). People rent been slaughtered for ages because they had different belief systems or they simply were not liked. Whether they were witches or not, hundreds of thousands of people have been burned at the stake, dunked in freezing rivers, or otherwise tortured because people accused them of being witches.People have been moving over to ride a better life Shortly after Christopher Columbus sailed across the Atlantic trying to get to India and unk in a flashingly bumped into South America. People started moving over very quickly after finding that gold was present in South America. Several countries moved into various parts of South America, Central America, what is now Mexico, North America, and Canada. This rude(a) place was ripe for the taking there was gold, plenty of game and a lot of farmland. In 1620, a group of Separatist Puritans called Pilgrims land at Plymouth in the Mayflower seeking religious freedom. Once the pilgrims got settled down in various villages people started accusing each other of practicing witchcraft. Whether it was new people from another separatist group or just jealousy the accusations flew. The people who were often thought to be the accusers of witches were commonly believed to be men lack to suppress unruly women. This may be true, but is far more indirect and subtle than popularly believed. The responsibilities held by a housewife had immense immensity in her role in society. Women were responsible for preserving the boundaries of social and cultural life. When this process was disrupted, the authority and identity of the housewife were put into question, she could no longer control the processes involve to fulfill her role. Instead of admitting this loss of control, it may have been easier for the housewife to blame a witch, usually someone who had wronged her. (Starkey 24)Female accusers may have felt the indispensability to prove their own normality and their willingness to accept the restrictions and assumptions of a religious society. Accusing another may also have been a way of diverting economic aid away from themselves.It may ... ...ft or Wicca is more widespread than one might think. But it is actually quite popular, especially around teenage youths. SourcesCerridwens Retreat http//www.angelfire.com/ky2/cerridwen/index.html.. station 1George Malcolm. 1692 Witch Hunt the laymans guide to the Salem witchcraft trials. Heritage books, in 1992.The History of Witchcraft and The Salem Witchcraft Trialshttp//www.angelfire.com/mi/WitchHistoryReport/index.html land site 2The Inner Sanctum http//www.witchway.net/.. Site 3Starkey L. Marion. The Devil In Massachusetts. Anchor Books NY New York, 1 949.Naidras humble abode http//www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/2903/ Site 4Nemain http//nemain.virtualave.net/. Online, July 18 2000 Site 5Trask B. Richard. The devil hath been raised A documentary of the Salem village witchcraft outbreak of march 1692. Yeoman Press, Danvers Massachusetts, 1992.Marshal Richard. Witchcraft The history and Mythology. by Random house publishing, Avenel, New jersey 1995.Rinehart, Catara. Personal interview, 19 July 2000Witchcraft in Salem village http//etext.lib.virginia.edu/salem/witchcraft/ Site 69

The Bacchae Essay -- essays research papers

In The Bacchae, Euripedes portrays the character of Pentheus as an ignorant, stubborn, and arrogant normalr. These character flaws accompanied with his foolish decisions set the stage for his tragic downf every(prenominal). Pentheus shrill disregard to all warnings and incidents, which prove that Dionysus is truly a god, lead him to his own death. In the end, his mistakes are unforgiving and his punishment is just. Throughout the play, the audience cannot help scarce feel merciless towards Pentheus. In his opening scene, Pentheus does not heed the warnings bestowed upon him by Teiresias and Cadmus. Before Pentheus even meets Dionysus, Teiresias offers him wise adviceSo, Pentheus listen to me. Do not mistake the rule of force for true power. Men are not shaped by force. Nor should you boast of wisdom, when everyone but you can see how sick your thoughts are. Instead, welcome this God to Thebes. instigate him with wine, garland your head and join the Bacchic revels(19).Cadmus care fully tries to persuade his grandson by adding, For even if you are right and this God is not a God, why regularize it? Why not call him one? You have everything to gain from such a lie(20). Pentheus shows no respect for the elderly or their wisdom by replying, Go prompt to your Bacchic revels. I want none of your senile folly rubbing off on me(21). This response alone reveals a great deal approximately his disposition. He will not let any old fools tell him what to do. However, it is ironic that Pentheus rejection of the advice of these old fools proves to be his first step towards his fatal end. The next scene brings Pentheus and Dionysus face to face. Pentheus starts the intercourse thinking he has the upper hand because he has more power over the situation. Untie his hands. Now I have him in my net, no amount of industrious tricks can help him slip away (25). However, it is clear to the audience that Dionysus is in control. He is provoking Pentheus by responding with quick, saucy remarks. Those who look for filth, can find at the crown of noon (28). Pentheus becomes frustrated. He needs to feel in control so he begins to hurl threats at Dionysus, Ill throw you in my dungeon. Throughout this scene, Dionysus drops numerous hints that he is therefore the son of Zeus, He (Dionysus) is here now. He sees what is being done to me (29). He for... ...gh. He has given Pentheus numerous warnings and opportunities to obey and worship him. Pentheus, due to his exceeding incompetence, has overlooked all of them. Because of his refusal to conform, he deserves punishment and it is a stack the audience has come to welcome. Dionysus now takes control over Pentheus and his all his actions. He humiliates Pentheus by graceing him in womens dress and parading him throughout Thebes. Dionysus then leads him up to Mount Cithaeron where he is caught spying on the Bacchae by his crazed mother, Agave. She proceeds to tear him to shreds with her bare hands. This is the end fo r Pentheus, and ultimately, due to his immutable ignorance, a just death.Although the punishment may seem rather harsh, the audience is appeased by Pentheus death. Pentheus is incapable of making any sensible decisions. His arrogance and controlling record is apparent in every action and choice he makes. Pentheus rejects so many hints and opportunities to realize Dionysus real identity. In his refusal to pick up the signals, he accepts his fate death by the hands of his own mother. It is almost as if his death, through his refusal to act sensibly, is a form of suicide.

Production Of Olive Oil Essay -- Foods Process Essays

Production Of Olive OilINTRODUCTIONOlive oil is a pale yellow to greenish oil extracted from the return of the European olive tree (Olea europaea L.), which originated in the Mediterranean area. The olive is originally native to the eastern Mediterranean region but the cultivated form is today grown throughout that area and in other parts of the world with Mediterranean-type climates. It hardens at refrigerator temperatures - around 10 degrees F.Today a market sure as shooting exists for olive oil, since the U.S. imports about 35 million gallons all(prenominal) year. Interest in the health aspects of olive oil is expanding and increasing demand each year. Demand has increase over 20% each year for the last 5 years. California produces about 300,000 gallons of oil each year about half of that is sold each year as the gourmet treat classified as extra- staring(a) and sold from $10 to $40 per half-liter. Among global producers, Spain leads with more than 40% of world production, fol lowed by Italy and Greece. a great deal of the Spanish crop is exported to Italy, where it is both consumed and repackaged for sale abroad as Italian olive oil. Different Grades Of Olive OilExtra-virgin olive oil comes from the first mechanical press of the olives, contains no more than 0.8% acidity, and is judged to have a superior taste. There can be no refined oil in extra-virgin olive oil. Virgin olive oil with an acidity less than 2%, and judged to have a good taste. There can be no refined oil in virgin olive oil. Olive oil is a blend of virgin oil and refined virgin oil, containing at most 1% acidity. It commonly lacks a powerful flavor. Olive-pomace oil is a blend of refined olive-pomace oil and possibly some virgin oil. It is fit for consumption, but it may not be c... ...etting a someone or place apart for special workIt is applyd in the ordination of priests and bishops, in the consecration of altars and churches, and, traditionally, in the anointing of monarchs at their coronation. To this day, Eastern Orthodox Christians use oil lamps in their churches and home prayer corners.BIBLIOGRAPHY1.http//www .wikipedia.org2.http//www.olivetree.eat- online.net/frameoliveoil.htm3.http//www.oliflix.com/eng/enviroment.htm4.http//www.oliveoilsource.com/olive_recipes_.htm5.Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2002. 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation.6.Tous, J. and L. Ferguson. 1996. Mediterranean fruits, Progress in new crops. In J. Janick (ed.), ASHS Press, Arlington, VA. p. 416-4307.www.sfc.ucdavis.edu/research/olive.html8.www.ucm.es/info/improliv/allgem.htm9.http//www.encyclopedia.com/html/o1/oliveoil.asp

Production Of Olive Oil Essay -- Foods Process Essays

Production Of Olive OilINTRODUCTIONOlive oil is a pale yellow to greenish oil extracted from the fruit of the European olive tree (Olea europaea L.), which originated in the Mediterranean area. The olive is originally native to the eastern Mediterranean region but the cultivated put to work is now grown throughout that area and in other parts of the world with Mediterranean-type climates. It hardens at refrigerator temperatures - around 10 degrees F.Today a marketplace certainly exists for olive oil, since the U.S. imports about 35 million gallons each year. Interest in the health aspects of olive oil is expanding and increasing demand each year. crave has increased over 20% each year for the last 5 years. California produces about 300,000 gallons of oil each year about half of that is change each year as the gourmet treat classified as extra-virgin and sold from $10 to $40 per half-liter. Among global producers, Spain leads with more than 40% of world production, followed by It aly and Greece. Much of the Spanish crop is exported to Italy, where it is both consumed and repackaged for sale abroad as Italian olive oil. Different Grades Of Olive OilExtra-virgin olive oil comes from the head start pressing of the olives, contains no more than 0.8% acidity, and is judged to have a superior taste. There can be no refined oil in extra-virgin olive oil. vestal olive oil with an acidity less than 2%, and judged to have a good taste. There can be no refined oil in virgin olive oil. Olive oil is a blend of virgin oil and refined virgin oil, containing at most 1% acidity. It commonly lacks a strong flavor. Olive-pomace oil is a blend of refined olive-pomace oil and possibly some virgin oil. It is fit for consumption, but it may not be c... ...etting a person or place apart for special workIt is used in the ordination of priests and bishops, in the consecration of altars and churches, and, traditionally, in the anointing of monarchs at their coronation. To this day , Eastern Orthodox Christians use oil lamps in their churches and home prayer corners.BIBLIOGRAPHY1.http//www .wikipedia.org2.http//www.olivetree.eat- online.net/frameoliveoil.htm3.http//www.oliflix.com/eng/enviroment.htm4.http//www.oliveoilsource.com/olive_recipes_.htm5.Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2002. 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation.6.Tous, J. and L. Ferguson. 1996. Mediterranean fruits, Progress in new crops. In J. Janick (ed.), ASHS Press, Arlington, VA. p. 416-4307.www.sfc.ucdavis.edu/research/olive. hypertext mark-up language8.www.ucm.es/info/improliv/allgem.htm9.http//www.encyclopedia.com/html/o1/oliveoil.asp

First Aid and Buttercups Cc Pin

Name Kirsty Beale Nursery Buttercups CC PIN MU2. 4 make to Children and Young Peoples Health and Safety 3. 1 Identify non medical incidents and emergencies that may occur in the work setting * Fires * Flooding * injury of property * Lack or loss of electricity,gas,water and heat * Data loss * Breach of confidentiality * Legal issues * Personal relationships * Bad management * Bad planning . 1 Identify the signs and symptoms which may indicate that a child or young person in injured or unwell. * Temperature over 37. 5c * Unresponsive * Lethargic * illness * Vomiting * Dizziness * Difficulty breathing * Rash * Diarrhoea * Chronic Headaches * Stomach pains 4. 2 Identify circumstances where children or young sight may need imperative medical attention. * Broken bones * Unconscious/unresponsive * Shallow Breathing Asthma attack * Temperature over 80c * In yucky pain * Dislocation * Confusion * Allergies * Chocking 4. 3 Outline own role and responsibilities in the event of a child or young person requiring urgent medical attention. If I found a child showing any of the above symptoms I would evaluate what the symptoms are to the treatment needed if non-emergency I would now alert the appointed first aider so the childs care can proceed.Related reading Situations That Require Urgent Medical AttentionIf the child need more substantial medical care an ambulance will be called and the parent/carer of the child will be informed what is wrong and where the child will be, when the stain is under control the settings medical forms will be filled out for legal purposes. 6. 2 Describe Personal Protective Clothing that is used to harbor spread of infection. * Disposable gloves * Disposable aprons * Wounds to be dressed properly * Appropriate clothing and footwear to be worn * Body piercings cover or removed * Offensive tattoos covered or removed * Hair tied back

Negotiation Analysis

May 2, 2010 UPS/ truckers negotiation in 1997 Introduction In 1997 united parcel service and the truckers were on table again later 1993s weight-lift negotiation. It was common since 1980s that marrow sent signals to management ab reveal large concessions earlier every negotiation. inwardness do it clear before the 1997 negotiations started that These negotiations ar about only one thing and that is making improvements that for channel give our members the security, opportunities, safety, and standard of living that they deserve (Witt, Wilson, 1999). In 1996 UPS reported $22. 4 cardinal of sales. 0 percent of the ground package delivery business was under control of united parcel service. UPS had 185,000 Teamsters employees. Majority of these employees were economic aiding timers and a nonher(prenominal) in effect(p) timers. theatrical role reported be a profitable companion UPS management said that to stay profitable and beat its competitors they motivation to neg otiate the contract wisely and its employees need to cooperate with them. The emphasis on inter subject business and expedited air shipments was driving the growth of the company. The air side of UPS operates virtually separately than the ground operations.This is where people worked scratchy hours and had to meet tight operational deadlines. The ground portion too consisted of majority of the part time workers (Budd, 1997). The Teamsters was part of the AFL-CIO. AFL-CIO was a federation consisted of 78 different national and international unions. Overall it had most than 13 million members. Teamster was a salient in it as well. It was presenting 1. 4 million members including about 400,000 aiders twain in United States and Canada. Union leaders told its members to be offensive in the negotiation to stay in power.Teamster had many part timers in their rank and file and these part timers do 57% of the total UPS employees. These part timers had big stakes in this negotiation a nd were looking forward to pop out heard in the negotiation. The subcontracting was a big sales outlet for these part timers which also made a big part of the total Teamster comminute membership (Bacon, 1997) & (Witt, Wilson, 1999). Analysis At the time of 1997-contract negotiation, democrats were in power. Mr. Clinton was on the president seat. As democrats ar seen historically in favor of the unions, teamster could expect government support for sure.The 1997 economy was doing great. It had the great combination of firm growth in domestic product, individual income and very low inflation rate. There was also very low unemployment rate at this time. economy was expanding in family 1997 since 1991 (USDA, 1997). All this was favoring teamster, which was all ready for the negotiation with UPS. Solid economy meant that UPS was doing great in the business. UPS reported a great sale in year 1996, which was, suppose increase in 1997. Management had no reasons to lay back on employee demands. They were in a good position to be to a greater extent open-hearted and giving to their employees if they wanted.Low unemployment rates also put UPS in a difficult position. If Teamster wanted to go on bump into UPS could read gravid time filling all the va burn downcies. The situation was in great favor of the union side if they wanted to excise (Lecture notes). Initial demands Both sides came with their own throws and claimed their designings to be beneficial to the employees. Both UPS and teamsters saw advantage of controlling the subsidy funds. Management wanted withdrawal of its contri just nowion to the pension funds. By pulling out of this propose company could be founder off financially.It could cost UPS around $700 million in withdraw liability charges. To get out of 31 multiemployer plans. Instead UPS was impulsive to contribute $1 billion a year to a single-employer plan. UPS wanted the wax control of the pension funds. UPS offered to provide a single overt assistance pension plan to both full and part time employees. Another offer that management made on the table was to create a new company administered health care program. The union administered the current plan and management wanted full control of the program and promised to provide same existing benefits (Bradford, 1997).Union undefendable with demands that it claimed to be essential for its members. These demand included fair takes and decent pensions plan. At the time full time UPS employees earned $19. 50 per hour and also 410 to $11 per hour in fringes. According to the union management their members deserved to be able to live a decent life. Next union aid was about its part time employees. As more than half of the employee working at UPS was part timers, their voice was also strong in the negotiation demands. Union demanded to make these part timers full timers and provide them same wage rate and full timers.Job security was also an issue that union wanted to b e addressed in the negotiation (Bradford, 1997). UPS believed in subcontracted to make company more profitable and union was well aware of this fact. In the previous negotiations UPS had won subcontracting provide and management wanted to keep this benefit in their plate in this negotiation as well. But, union did not kindred the way things went in the fit negotiation, and this time they wanted to make sure that they do not let management take advantage of subcontracting.Union was very strong on the feeling that its members deserved the job security which is only practicable by getting rid of the subcontracting. Job safety and health improvements were also great concerns to the union in this negotiation. Union believed that UPS employee get injured more often safety was a big concern. Union believed that present safety programs were not enough. An improvement was definitely postulate in this area as well (Schulz, 1997). UPS strategies To prepare for the 1997 negotiation, Teams ter started analyzing management previous and up to date negotiation tactics.Management strategies included shift of more workload to lower wage part timers and also expand subcontracting. Even though company was making profit at the moment, company wanted to remedy money to increase its total profit (Witt, Wilson, 1999). Management proposed little wage increase than in the past negotiations. Starting with lower wage increase could benefit the company in counterbalancing any workers proposal during the negotiations. Division among part timers and full timers could also benefit management as both sides would have different priorities and will benefit management on the negotiations table (Witt, Wilson, 1999).In 1994, when UPS raise the package weight, many reformers wanted to walk out but many old-guard local leaders urged them not to work out. Management believed that same will happen if the members wanted to whang in this negotiation. Management was under impression that if the to p union lead will want to have a rent the old-guard locals will not support it (Witt, Wilson, 1999) & (Bradford, 1997). Union strategies Union was well aware of the fact that membership wizard was the separate for the success of the negotiation.To build membership unity union wanted to make sure they everyone is on the same page. Union started a yearlong shift to well prepare for the negotiation table. Before the contract was expired, union took a survey of all its members. The survey wanted everyone of rank his or her priorities of the demands. The very key thing in this survey was that members were also asked about the activities member were ordain to participate to help win this negotiation (Witt, Wilson, 1999). At the end of the surveys completion union had a good idea of what its membership wanted and how the things shall be proceed.This step helped union gain its members confidence and its members also felt being part of the process. The surveys helped Teamster to talk t o their members and encourage them to get involved into contract campaign. Teamsters main mission was to find a common ground for all its membership (TDU, 2007). Union leaders tried emphasizing on the common interests of both part timers and full timers. Union tried convincing its members that no matter whether they are full timers or part timers, the issues they will be fighting for on the negotiation table will be beneficial to both sides.A better pension plan will benefit full timers as well the part timers as better pension plan will encourage full timers to retire early. Finding this common ground was crucial for the union, so that it can make managements strategy of division among full timers and part timers would cuckold (Witt, Wilson, 1999) & (TDU, 2007). To make its campaign successful teamster focused on building a stronger network among its members. Union tried making as many members possible to get involved in the campaign. Teamsters built a member-to-member network to spread the word about the campaign and to get as many UPS Teamsters involved as possible.Negotiation Table By knowing exactly what its members wanted, teamster started negotiation by being very aggressive about its demands. On the start of the bargaining, UPS opened by asking for huge concessions. It was nothing new for the Union. It was a very commonly used tactic by the management to stat with low offering so teamsters lower their expectations. Management wanted to make sure that it does not end up giving up too much and by making initial offers very low it can change Teamsters minds to fight for big concessions (TDU, 2007). There were two big issues where both sides fell apart.First issue was the pension plan. As we mentioned earlier both sides was benefits in controlling the pension funds. UPS offered one plan on the negotiation table. Under which the future retirees will get monthly benefits equal to $100 each month for each of the years they have worked for the company. Under this plan a full time employee who would retire after working for 35 years for the company would earn $35,000 each month as their pension. Under this plan part time employees were also eligible for the pension plan. The plan offered part timers half of what was offered the full timers.The previous plan was a multiemployer plan that UPS wanted to get rid of. According to management this new plan would pay employee more than what is being offered under the multiemployer plan. Teamster on the other hand was not automatic to change the pension plan. It wanted to keep the multiemployer plan but wanted to improve the multiemployer plan and raise the benefits offered under the plan (Bradford, 1997). Under multiemployer plan UPS was paying for other retirees of Teamster who never worked for UPS. Under multiemployer plan, UPS was subsidizing other companies benefits. UPS did not want to do that any longer.As their mission was to increase company profit and stay in the competition, the best alternative for them was to get out of multiemployer plan and take control of the pension funds. In a statement UPS said that it wanted its money to go to only its employees. Another point UPS made was that company will earn a greater investment return on contributions made to a pension plan controlled by company correspond to the multiemployer plans (Bradford, 1997)& 15 & (Krause, 1997). Second big issue that made both sides apart was about part time workers. UPS wanted to keep part timers to stay flexible. piece time workers have been part of the company since expedited service has started. Company made an argument that not only part timers let company work be flexible but also short length shifts are less tiring than the full-length shifts. Arguments were being made that it is hard for a person to degenerate or load a trailer for continuously eight hours. When part timers were very beneficial for the company, Teamster was very well aware of that fact that part timers get paid less and receive less benefits compare to the full timers. UPS wanted to continue its intricacy of its part timer work force.Teamsters knew that they had to stop this expansion for its members well being (Krause, 1997) & (Bradford, 1997). Union surveyed many part timers before negotiation started and they found that these part timers did not feel like being important in the company. Many of them were looking for other jobs, as their part time jobs at UPS were not paying enough. Teamsters argued that corporate managers are holding on to the workers wages as corporate profits are increasing and executive salaries are also increasing with it. All this is affecting part timer who are facing insecure jobs and a low pay (Grant, 1997).A final offer on July 30th by UPS did not include what teamster was willing to settle for. UPS offered to start providing 200 new full time jobs per year expansion of subcontracting for the feeder work and it did not include a decent wage increase for the wo rkers. UPS also stood still on its decision of taking full control of the pension funds. On August teamsters decide to go on strike, the strike which changed the history of labor force forever. Teamster Strike From the very beginning, the unions contract campaign was designed to build a broad public support.This support could help teamsters win a good contract or win in a strike if needed. The campaign held a message that Teamsters fight is not only about fighting for wages per hour but about the future of good jobs. Teamsters spread its word not only within the US but also many European countries where UPS was planning to expand its business to (Witt, Wilson, 1999). Union kept its position strong on the issues of retirement funds and workers health insurance. UPS in its previous negotiations also offered the same pension plan but this time teamsters were not willing to play this game.UPS use to take this offer off the table at the very last minute in return to get union swallow ot her concessions. In the end management asked union for the extension of the agreement but union denied. On August 1997, teamsters went on strike (Witt, Wilson, 1999). Success of Teamsters strike had many reasons behind it. Around the time of the strike UPS owned about 80% of the ground delivery business. Clearly a strike would affect companys stability and put some economic pressure. UPS was not conglomerate with any company, which could help it get through the strike. UPS workers use to go to each metropolis so it became known very quickly.Another specific incident that helped this strike was that it happened in August when congress was not in session. During this period it was easy for the Teamsters to get all the media attention they needed (Cabell, 1997). UPS strike also got great support from the international unions of UPS in other countries. This involvement raised the public awareness not only in Unites Stated but also all around the world. When employees in U. S. went on st rike employees in many other courtiers participated in activities like sick-out or temporary disrupted package deliveries (Budd, 2008 pg 450).At the end of 16-day strike union had a solid conquest. Where primitively company offered only 1000 full time jobs for the part timers ended up creating 10,000 full time jobs. UPS also agreed on keeping the existing multiemployer pension plan. It was a big victory for Teamsters. Besides winning on the two biggest issues Teamsters also won on others concerning issues. There was $3. 10 an hour wage increase over the course of 5 years contract period for the full timers. UPS originally offered only $1. 50 an hour increase. Part timers also got wage increase more than what company originally has offered.They got $4. 10 per hour wage increase where company originally has offered only $2 an hour. There were also limits on subcontracting on the final contract (Cabell, 1997) & (Schulz, 1997). rundown As we mentioned earlier political, economic envi ronments were in favor of the union. Both sides referred to the previous negotiations and based on that built their tactics for 1997 negotiation. It was a distributive bargaining where both sides wanted to gain as much possible. One could say that union was being selfish on many aspects where it wanted more and more for its members.As it is a case in any distributive bargaining, both sides wanted more in their favor. There was no effort for mutual understanding and finding a common ground. Beside one or two issues almost every other issue could be resolved with little decent effort made by both sides. Both sides had strategies and both sides tried knowing what was going to be on the negotiation table. Based on our above analysis we can say that union was more successful in knowing management strategies and planning ahead for any of the managements tricks. Union strength was not clear to UPS until it showed it power by pulling out a successful strike.Strike cost UPS millions in lost sales during the strike. Everybody seemed to be having won but UPS. More losses were alarming UPS as many shippers threatened to permanently shift to non-union competitors. Questions arise like what went wrong in this negotiation which leads to strike and whether teamsters were being simple selfish in what they wanted. UPS employees were enjoying relative job security at the time. Also, the turnout rate at UPS was low compare to the industry-wide rate. In many excess jobs task managers like first-line managers were being paid the highest wages in the industry.The executives at UPS were not getting paid outrageously (USDA, 1997). Management might not have thought union will be that aggressive as it came out to be. There was a wall, which stopped each side from understanding one another. A good family relationship of 82 years was broken with this strike. UPS and Teamsters needed to understand each others priorities and strengths. Trying method of interrogative bargaining could help both sides reach to an agreement without strikes and economic losses. In order to accomplish this, both sides must realistically share as much information as they can to understand each others interest.A key for the Teamsters strike was its successful attempt to mobilize higher ranks. Involvement of the key individuals in favor for the strike was very important part of the successful strike. Next key for the Teamster success was to be able to know the issue that resonates with the general public. It was very important for UPS to know what Teamsters strength was. Underestimating labor power was a key mistake that the management seemed to have made. Only an open and honest relationship among the management and Teamsters can help avoid strikes in future. References 1. Witt, Wilson, Matt, Rand. The Teamsters UPS Strike of 1997 Building a New Labor Movement. Labor Studies Journal. 24. 1 (1999) 58-72. Web. 22 Apr 2010. http//www. accessmylibrary. com/article-1G1-54517324/teamsters-ups-s trike-1997 .html (Pro-union) 2. TDU, 1997 ups contract year-long contract campaign key to win, Teamsters for a Democratic Union. 03-06-2007, Web. 29 Apr 2010. http//www. tdu. org/node/5252 (Pro-union) 3. Cabell, Brian. (1997, August 20). Its official teamsters end ups strike. Retrieved from http//www. cnn. com/US/9708/20/ups. update. early/ (Neutral) 4. Bacon, David. (1997, August 24).The Ups strike unions win when they take the offensive. Retrieved from http//dbacon. igc. org/Strikes/07ups. htm (Pro-union) 5. Michael Bradford. (1997,August). UPS, Teamsters boxing on benefits. Business Insurance,31(32),1,25. Retrieved April 29, 2010, Business Insurance v31 p1, august 11, 1997. (Neutral) 6. JOHN D. SCHULZ. (1997, August), Digging In. Traffic world. V251 p10-13 august 1897. http//vnweb. hwwilsonweb. com. ezproxy. lib. uwm. edu/hww/results/results_single_fulltext. jhtmlhwwilsonid=KSIR1EBXDQ24PQA3DILSFGOADUNGIIV0 (Neutral) 7. Kristin S. Krause. irregular and Pensions. Traffic World v2 51 p11-12 August 11 97. (Neutral) 8. John D. Schulz. Keeping the dream Live, Traffic World v249 p33 March 17, 1997. (Neutral) 9. John F. Budd. What the Teamsters Knew. Budd Jr. , John F, Initials. (1997, Nov-Dec). What the Teamsters knew. Across the Board, 34(10). (Neutral) 10. GRANT, L. (1997). How UPS Blew It. Fortune, 136(6), 29. Retrieved from outperform FILE Premier Database. (Pro-management) 11. Henry R Hoke. (1997,September). The UPS strikes winners and losers. Direct Marketing,60(5),80. Retrieved April 29, 2010, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID15113521). (Neutral) 12. John J. Schulz. August,1997), Many Winners, One Big Loser. Traffic World v251 p11-12+ August 25 97. (Pro-union) 13. USDA. The 1997 Economy An Overview. (1997), Economic research service. Web http//www. ers. usda. gov/publications/aer780/aer780b. pdf (Neutral) 14. Robert J. Grossman. Trying to heal the wounds human resources management at United Parcel Service of America Inc after a labor strike. HR Mag azine. Apr, 2010. http//findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m3495/is_n10_v43/ai_21136884/ (Pro-management) 15. Budd, John W. Labor Relations Striking a Balance, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill Irwin Publishing Chicago, 2008. (Neutral)

Internet Banking Fraud †Clive Peeters Case

One of the most common forms of employee fraud that we have been seeing for quite some time involves access to internet banking. Businesses often have two signatories for company cheques but allow full single user access to their internet banking. The result is an accident waiting to happen. An internet banking fraud of $20 zillion was reported today in the Sydney Morning Herald involved the payroll department manager of listed white goods retailer, Clive Peeters. Full story http//business. smh. com. au/business/employee-admits-stealing-20m-20090811-eh02. tml In that case, the payroll manager invested in proceeds of her fraud in real estate and cars, so the company is hoping to recover some or all of their monies. However in most cases that we have seen, the money is spent or gambled and their is very little or nothing to recover. Other similarities to the cases that we have seen the amount of the fraud is always big than expected. The estimates of the Clive Peeters fraud went f rom $2 million to $7 million to $20 million. the fraud was conducted over a longer period than expected. The current estimate is that the fraud was operational for 18 months.It is vitally important where a business is using internet banking that a two signatory approval for any payments or transfers is put in place. The standard internet banking software provided by the banks is inadequate for business use because it lacks the necessary internal controls. Speak to your bank about obtaining the higher security, multiple signatory version of internet banking. Unfortunately, in our experience, it is not easy to obtain and you have to speak to many people in the bank before you get somebody you knows anything about it.

Educational Services an Overview

Development of an Instrument to Assess schoolchild Perceptions of the Quality of Tertiary Education in INDIAN Context Suparswa Chakraborty Educational run can be categorized into five parts (a) primary reproduction service (b) secondary genteelness services (c) higher gentility services (i. e. , education beyond secondary education entangles e in truth(prenominal) tertiary education) (d)adult education and (e) other education services (e. g. , liberal arts, business, professional).Such education and dressing incubate gradation courses taken for college or university attri plainlye or non-degree courses taken for soulal edification or pleasure or to upgrade work-related skills. Such education and information services can be pull up stakesd in tralatitious institutional settings, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as universities or schools and in specialized institutions. Higher (tertiary) education, adult education, and training services atomic number 18 expanding rapidl y.These services intromit academic and training courses on information technology languages executive, management and leadership training and hotel and tourism education. They alike include educational testing services and corporate training services. Many of these atomic number 18 practical courses for use on the job. Some can be used as credits toward degrees and some are non-degree courses. Increasingly, educational institutions and publishers are teaming up with information technology companies and other experts to design courses of instruction on a variety of subjects.Large companies also are machinateing education and training courses to improve the skills of their employees and to keep them up to date on their latest products. Such services constitute a growing, internationalist business, supplementing the reality education system and contributing to global spread of the modern knowledge economy. Avail ability of these education and training services can help to develop a more efficient workforce, leading countries to an improved competitive thought in the world economy.Education is at present mavin of the least affiliated of services sectors, due to recognition of its public good element and the high degree of government involvement in its provision. The benefits associated with liberalising education services and facilitating greater and stronger public and private education services can co-existing which would benefit savants and education service supplyrs would get improved in the following manner Facilitating access to education and training courses that in qualitative and quantitative terms which are non otherwise available in the public sector and Providing a competitive stimulus to institutions with flow-on benefits to all savants. The education services negotiations should aim to give consumers ( assimilators) access to the best education services wherever they are provided and through whatever mode of supply they are provided. E nsuring measures that consumers (learners) are not damaged by services of low caliber, and a safety-net in such areas.thither are cases, for example, where the lumber of a service supplied by a university in one state is not necessarily of the same level as that supplied by a university of another state, due to the difference in higher education system of the two states. It has also emerged that the bore of education services fails to be correctly judged, in cases where the service is supplied by a degree mill of one university by means of Distance-Learning. It is difficult to arrive at a universally acceptable articulation of what tonicity in education means.At the same time, such articulation is critical since it plays an master(prenominal) government agency in shaping the practice of education. It has often been possible to bring about such quality in education at a small scale with intensive utilization of recourses. However, the provision/distribution of quality education by a large system is a daunting challenge. Quality as a term refers to how well certain objects and affectes achieve their given aims. It is validating as well as comparative. Its just about immediate connotation is better. Better as ifferentiated from good, and implying the existence of at least two objects or unconscious processes, mingled with which a analogy across a decided set of parameters can be established. Understanding quality in education requires an appreciation of the aims of education the social and philosophical root of these aims as well as determining the nature of the organisation and system that is best oriented to achieve them. Educational quality concerns typically encompass topics such as teacher training, textbooks and materials, military rank and physical infrastructure specially institution mental synthesiss.However the quality of these processes/topics can only be understood with reference to the object glass of the education system of which they are but a part. Educational objectives in turn are influenced by societal persuasions of a child, human breeding and schooling. The most earthy worldly application of the term and plan of quality is in the context of products and services. To define quality in the field of education, it may be instructive to examine the more widely practiced usage of quality, and research its appropriateness or applicability for education.Quality A Conceptual Exploration Owlia and Aspinwall (1996) interpreted the quality for higher education in terms of the quality dimension by using Garvins quality framework (Garvin, 1987), service quality dimension (Parasuraman, Zeithaml & Berry, 1985 1988), and bundle quality dimension (Watts, 1987). However, the dimension identification frameworks focuses mainly on defining the quality aspect of the product features (Garvin, 1987) and service features (Parasuraman, Zeithaml & Berry, 1985 1988).We adopted a more worldwide approach to classify the qual ity attributes of education. The framework we proposed is derived from West, Noden and Gosling (2000)s viewpoint of quality in higher education. We called it the stimulusProcessOutput (IPO) framework in which Input refers to the entry requirements, Process refers to the dogma and scholarship process, and Output refers to the employability and academic standings (as sh stimulate in Figure 1 below).This classification of quality attributes is in accordance with the organizations operation system of converting the inputs (e. g. raw materials) into outputs (e. g. products and services) via the process (e. g. procedures). In this way, one can associate the quality improvements with the operating system of any organization, including those from the education sector. Some of the quality dimensions identified in Owlia and Aspinwalls (1996) study are partially covered in the IPO framework.Current understanding and interpretations of the word quality owe more to their roots in the evaluat ion of manufactured products. Pioneering management techniques and concepts related to quality and quality management have become common place, and more applications to the field of education can be sought while cautiously keeping in mind the large differences between the commercial world and education. In fact, quality in education has increasingly been understood through the framework of users and in terms of its value for money.To the expiration that the service of education and the provision of commercial services are similar, that is both have end-users and an antepast of value-for-money, parallels are feasible. However, such parallels often regard the provision of education as similar to a grocery storeable service such as getting a haircut. In such cases, (as the market understands it), the individual seeking the service is generally aware of the outcome that the service entrust provide her witha haircut usually results in kempt hair for instance. In other words, the use r has the means to evaluate the quality of the service.In the case of education, except for very specific skill-oriented training that has readily identifiable outcomes in the short term, it is not very easy to determine what the rather long term process of world educated will lead to. This is largely because the aims of education that is the pressing reasons for educating members of a population in any society or country, emanate from the need to pretend a social and intellectual environment as members of which individuals will be capable of make and acting on rational decisions concerning themselves and their society rather than building people with a specific set of skills.Most usersparents or childrenin the case of education, do not have the means in terms of each understanding and/or experience to evaluate qualitywhether the child is receiving an education (given the stated aims or those which a parent understands), except in very cardinal waysand how it could be better ( i. e. through comparing it to some sort of ideal). In other words, the information asymmetry between the service provider and the user, especially poor users, is an important characteristic of education that moldiness be taken into explicit account.In addition to the lack of a shared understanding of quality between consumers and providers, the field of education is also characterized by the absence of a consensus on the notion of quality. For instance, most consumers and the providers of a service, for example telephones, not only hold in on what is meant broadly by high quality in their domain, but, until new technological innovation comes about, this notion sojourns largely constant.On the other hand, education likes many other systems or endeavours (such as good health, reform or democracy) has a continuously evolving discourse as well as vibrant debates on what constitutes quality, how can it be achieved and provided in the most optimal way to a large number of children14, m aking it difficult for such a constant notion to exist.Additionally, inherent in the concept of a desirable social and intellectual environment (to be evolved through educating the population), are ideas concerning set which individuals should possess as this is in the interests of society, even though all individuals themselves may not want to imbibe these (take for example, religious or racist tolerance, or fairness in the face of expedience). Many such values would not be pertinent as an outcome, were the individuals education macrocosm carried out from a purely market oriented (i. e. mployability) perspective, but they are the seting principles of systems of organisation such as democracy. This further jeopardizes the application of market or management-derived concepts of quality to education, since the good/commodity beingness examined for quality, i. e. education, contains many features not demanded explicitly and in some cases actually even shunned by its customers. Th erefore, quality as applied to the provision of commercial services or products cannot be directly applied to the provision of education due to the nature of education, and the inherent aims in its provision.A Framework for Quality in Education As discussed above, the notion of quality in education is not one, which can be simply transcribed from the predominant concept of quality that has evolved from the commercial world. It needfully to be unique to the field of education and based on a deeply contextual, need-based view incorporating pedagogic principles and educational aims rather than a fixed prescription or set of guidelines.A viable framework for quality in education could be envisaged as consisting of the following main components Aims of education, curriculum, pedagogy and material, school organization and relationships, evaluation and assessment, and the nature of provision. The relationship between the design and constitution of these non-homogeneous components would h ave to be carefully conceptualized to verify coherence in the experience of education by children. For instance, design of a curricular document needs to be based on the aims of education and epistemological concerns.Similarly, assessment needs to be understood as a means to strengthen and constantly improve childrens education in the context of the stated curricular objectives through appropriate pedagogic practice, rather then as a tool for classifying children as failed or passed and thus deciding whether their education will continue. Each of these aspects of education and its quality are discussed in more detail in the following sections. Aims of Education The aims of education refer to a broad set of principles that provide direction to the practice of education.They play an important role in determining the institutions, curriculum, and pedagogy and assessment system for providing education. What aims are worth pursuing in education is therefore an important question and the upshot is often complex, especially in the context of a diverse socio-cultural milieu. In general, the aim of education could be articulated as building capabilities and instilling values in individuals considered necessary for leading personally and socially fulfilling lives.The form and nature of education in any society is deeply influenced by the notion of a human being predominant in that society, and is closely linked to the understanding of what is good for people which in turn is based on views regarding human nature, needs and potential. It is therefore not surprising and somewhat requisite that different societies, and even different groups of people in the same society, propound different notions of education making it a contested concept.Other concepts that influence the process of formulating the aims of education include the understanding of human learning and the notion of a child in society. In education, learning is understood as . . . having acquired ability to do something on the basis of experience and effecting a change in the learners understanding and while learning, thus defined, is an inevitable outcome of living for most, ensuring that the aims of education become part of learning requires active teaching.What these aims actually comprise of, and more importantly translate into through the working of a system of education depends on the nature of governance in a specific nation. For example, France and Prussia historically implemented education systems designed by the elite aimed at developing their respective countries into industrial powers. Given that India is a democracy, the educational aims in the country implicitly imbibe the special characteristics of such a governance system.These include equal participation of all members, an interest in social relations and their control, the potential to make amendments without dis companionship, and institutions that are flexible to readjustment. As Dewey explains, even a sounding exa mination of a democratic governments (such as Indias) interest in the education of its citizens yields that since a democracy dismisses the idea of external authority, education is a must to ensure that popular suffrage leads to an appropriately chosen government.Further, the author suggests that since democracy represents almost a way of life (since it requires understanding the effect of ones action on others and thereby communicating and accommodating continuously on an individual, societal or communal level) rather than just a governance system, it is only through education that these capacities can be built and such behavior brought about.Further, given that education has been discerned as a means towards progress for not only social and economic prosperity but also for facilitating equitable access to commonly provided, individually appropriated experience, it is important that the distribution of education should be characterized by the ideal of equality of educational opport unity. This is particularly in the case of India where the social order represents pervasive inequalities of wealth and opportunity, and can often lead to social position in terms of wealth and opportunity being correlated with future access to, and experience of, education.This is where the public system of education provided by the state assumes immensity as the large majority of Indias poor can afford to access education only through the government system since it is free, and this is likely to remain the case for the foreseeable future. Therefore, it is important to realize that in the context of India, the state has an active interest in shaping each citizenindeed, the idea or concept of state itself virtually depends for its existence on education, since it is only education that can effectively transmit the ideal of a democratic state to the next generation, thereby ensuring its perpetual continuity.Following the 86th Constitutional amendment, free and compulsory education i n the age group of 6 to 14 is now a fundamental repair in India under Article 21 (A). Thus, the aims of a system of education reflect the underlying values on which it is built, which in turn are contextual to human society, with individuals viewed both as atomistic constituents of that society as well as a collective. In practice, the aims of education are often stated in somewhat indeterminate terms. For instance, an oft-stated aim is the all round development of children.This statement clearly requires clarification if it is to provide any direction for the content or the process of education. There is a need to specify what defines such all round development and once a list is drawn it has to be determined whether to include all or select on the basis of relative importance. On the other hand, examples of very specific aims include the focus on producing skilled effort for the economy. While such an aim certainly provides some direction to the educational context, it is too na rrow and can impede excellence in other worthwhile aspects of life.Formulating aims that refer to general abilities such as rationality, critical thinking, creativity and others as an end, do avoid being too narrow on the one hand, but are also relatively more specifically definable on the other and therefore, may work better for school systems. By virtue of being better-definable they help educators translate educational aims into classroom processes. For instance, teaching the concept of numbers and other mathematical operations maybe one of the accepted means of generate rational thinking in a child, and therefore worthy of inclusion in the curriculum.Further, it is important to ensure that the content and process of teaching mathematics to children actually does translate into rational thinking and does not get restricted to the narrow objective of passing examinations Other common classroom processes prevalent in many schools include repetition of words and poems after the tea cher without adequate comprehension and copying ? Sart S (such as a flower) drawn on the blackboard without error. It is refutable whether such practices provide meaningful stimulation for expression or creativity.Meaningful decisions about content and method in education require consciousness of the aims of education as articulated by an education system. The above illustrations are indicative of the absence of such an awareness governing the practice of teaching. In order to ensure that classroom strategies actually emerge from the professed aims of education it is important to include teachers in the discourse on the aims of education and not restrict this dialogue to a few educationists.The agreed-upon aims of education should broadly constitute a philosophically and historically informed set whose rationale is fully stated, public, and revisable. Indian scenarios The professional education sector in INDIA comprises various types of providers. The largest group is made up of Uni versities and Affiliated colleges, which are large institutions offering a broad range of vocational and academic subjects at various levels, and are attended by both young people (17-28 form olds) and adults.Deemed Institutions and Autonomous colleges are another substantial group and have traditionally catered for 17-15 year olds taking Advanced level courses. More recently, however, they have broadened both their course offering and their schoolchild profile. Specialist Colleges concentrate on specific areas of the curriculum such as management , engineering and professional or land based subjects. They often have well developed links with employers and industry because of the specialist nature of the subjects taught.Finally, Specialist Designated institutions cater mainly for adults, as do External Institutions. The latter, however, also cater to the needs of educationally disadvantaged students through Distance Learning Mode. The goal of this study is to explore the professi onal education classroom and its effects on student persistence and ecstasy. In order to face the challenges of student belongings, the classroom must be explored to determine how these experiences affect the student corrasion process.The classroom is a part of the curricular structure that links different disciplines around a common theme. Understanding the elements of the classroom experience will provide students, faculty, staff, and administrators with a vital smell out of shared inquiry. The classroom experience must be designed to provide positive experiences through the adoption of various learning strategies. The article seeks to ascertain to what degree the classroom experience enhances student learning and persistence and, if so, how it does so.Beyond its open-and-shut policy implications, the study purports to provide the context for a series of reflections on the ways in which current theories of student persistence might be circumscribed to account more directly f or the role of classroom experience in the process of both student learning and persistence. The study identifies variables associated with student consolidation or lack thereof, into the educational environment and whether or not these variables have an effect on student persistence. Lastly, the study purports to provide the aspects of student bliss and student perceptions of their learning experiences.The worry As a result of low retention rates, administrators are seeking strategies to create a positive atmosphere that is supportive in clashing student needs in order to ensure student persistence. There is a critical linkage that exists between student involvement in classrooms, student learning, and student persistence. Research studies have identified components that contribute to and influence student decisions to persist, or leave college before accomplishing their intended educational goals (Astin, 1987, 1993 Bean, 1983 Braxton, 1995, Bogdan & Biklen, 1992 Endo & Harpel, 1982 Tinto, 1975, 1987, 1993).In particular, Tintos attrition model (1975, 1987, & 1993) is among those strategies that have been used in an attempt to describe and categorize the student attrition process. Although persistence in college is important, students overall satisfaction with their educational experiences and their interactions on the college campus are the most important factors (Tinto, 1993). Collectively, the educational environment and organizational tillage is important in determining student satisfaction and their motivation to persist. Statement of the ProblemResearch studies in the past have analyzed student retention, particularly among traditional university student populations (Anderson, 2001 Astin, 1993 Braxton, 2000 Cope & Hannah, 1975 NCES, 1997, 1998, 1999 Noel et. al. , 1985 Tinto, 1975, 1987, & 1993). As McLeod and Young (2005) have proposed, it is necessary to check the factors that influence a students decision to remain or not to remain enrolled at a minority institution. The most important factor in predicting a students eventual departure from college is absence of sufficient contact with others (Pascarella & Terenzini, 1979).Ostrow, Paul, Dark, and Berhman (1986) found that supportive relationships enable students to better cope with the demands of the college environment. few studies exist which focus on the higher education classroom and the manner in which it can effects student persistence and satisfaction of students enrolled on traditional university campuses. Evident in previous studies is the recognition that institutional variables do influence a students decision to persist in attaining their educational goals. There is a critical linkage that exists between student involvement in classrooms, student learning, and student persistence.The classroom plays an important role in the student learning and persistence process. According to McKeachie (1970, 1994) and Smith (1980, 1983), it is evident that multiple relatio nships exist between teacher behaviors and student participation in classroom discussions and learning. Student participation in the higher education classroom is relatively passive (Smith, 1983 Karp & Yoels, 1976 Nunn, 1996), and lecturing is dominant (Fischer & Grant, 1983). The author Nunn (1996) found that classroom traits, specifically a supportive atmosphere, are as important to student participation as are student and faculty traits.The recognition of the importance of classroom environment is part of another area of inquiry, that is to say the role of classroom context, its educational activities and normative orientations, in student learning. Instead of focusing on the behaviors of faculty, a number of researchers have focused on the role of pedagogy (Karplus, 1974 Lawson & Snitgen, 1982 McMillan, 1987) and, in turn, curriculum (Dressel & Mayhew, 1954 Forrest, 1982) and classroom activities (Volkwein, King, & Terenzini, 1986) as predictors of student learning.Generally sp eaking, these have led to a growing recognition that student learning is compound when students are actively involved in learning and when they are placed in situations in which they have to share learning in some positive, affiliated manner (Astin, 1987). As numerous researchers have suggested (Astin, 1984 Mallette & Cabrera, 1991 Nora, 1987 Pascarella & Terenzini, 1980 Terenzini & Pascarella, 1977), the greater students are academically integrated in the life of the institution, the greater the likelihood that they will persist.Students who feel they do not fit academically in the environment of the institution possess lower levels of satisfaction than those who feel they belong (Bean & Bradley, 1986 Pervin & Rubin, 1967). Astin (1993), Friedlander (1980), Parker and Schmidt (1982), Ory and Braskamp (1988), and Pascarella and Terenzini (1991), all suggested that student involvement in the classroom influences learning.When students are actively involved in the life of the colleg e, especially academically, they will possess greater acquisitions of knowledge and skill development. Juillerat (1995) determined students who participate actively in their learning experience possess higher satisfaction rates than little involved students. According to Endo and Harpel (1982) and Astin (1993) student and faculty engagement, both inside and outside(a) the classroom, are important to the student development process.Endo and Harpel (1982) suggested further those students who persisted which were reported to have had higher levels of contact with peers and faculty and also demonstrated higher levels of learning conglomerate over the course of their stay in college. High levels of involvement prove to be an independent predictor of learning. The more time students invest in their own learning, the higher their level of effort, the more students learn. Braxton, Milem, and Sullivan (2000) wrote that research studies left social integration unexplained.Institutional typ e (Chapman & Pascarella, 1983), organizational attributes ( Berger & Braxton, 1998 Braxton & Brier, 1989), motivations for attending college (Stage, 1989), financial aid (Cabrera, Nora, & Castaneda, 1992), fulfillment of mind-sets for college (Braxton, Vesper, & Hossler, 1995), sense of community in residence halls (Berger, 1997), student involvement (Milem & Berger, 1997), life task predominance (Brower, 1992), and self-efficacy (Peterson, 1993) are among the concepts given to understand both academic and social integration and their effects on student departure decisions.Various constructs may also be derived from the role of the institutional classroom in the student departure process and the identification of forces that influence academic integration and social integration. Tinto (1997) suggested that if social integration was to occur, it must occur in the classroom, because the classroom functioned as a gateway for student involvement in the academic and social communities o f a college. Thus, the college classroom constitutes one possible source of influence on academic nd social integration. Student Satisfaction and Perceptions of the Classroom Experience The authors, Bean and Bradley suggest student satisfaction is defined as a pleasurable emotional state resulting from a persons enactment of the role of being a student (1986, p. 398). Overall life realization includes fulfillment with specific domains, such as student satisfaction (Coffman & Gilligan, 2000). Therefore, it is assumed that a students overall satisfaction with the learning experience is an indicator of college persistence.In addition, Coffman and Gilligan (2000) further found that those students who withdraw from college prior to graduation are less likely to be able to identify someone on campus with whom they had developed a significant relationship. These students report low satisfaction with their personal interactions, social isolation, and absence of opportunities for academic co ntact. Most of these students report academic difficulties which occur in the classroom highly influenced their departure from college. According to Juillerat (1995), a student related variable that has been found to be connected to student satisfaction is institutional fit.The more acquainted a student is with the environment of the institution, the more he/she will fit into the culture of the institution. Students who feel as if they do not fit into the culture of the institution possess lower levels of satisfaction than those who feel that they belong. According to Juillerat (1995), student satisfaction is the extent to which a students perceived educational experience meets or exceeds his/her expectations. Student satisfaction can be defined by the positive and negative gaps in the expectation level and perceived reality.If a students expectation is matching or exceeds his/her evaluation of reality then seemingly the student is satisfied. On the other hand, if a students expecta tion is higher than his/her evaluation of reality then seemingly the student is dissatisfied. This approach to defining student satisfaction assists institutions in determining satisfaction levels and closes the gap between reality and expectations. Bean and Bradley (1986) determined that the number of friends a student has, along with his/her confidence in his/her social life, has a significant effect on satisfaction levels.Weir and Okun (1989) found similar results in the amount of contact a student has with peers, faculty, staff and administrators was positively correlated with academic satisfaction. The availability and formal and informal interaction with faculty, staff and administrators for interaction with students is related to student satisfaction and persistence. Endo and Harpel (1982) further suggest that a student expectation for peer involvement academically is a reader to student satisfaction and persistence.Another important factor of a students overall satisfaction with the learning experience is their perceptions of their academic programs of study. The authors Bean and Bradley (1986) suggest if a student is academically integrated and interested in their course of study, motivated to study, and likes the faculty teaching the course will possess high satisfaction. Juillerat (1995) suggests, stimulating coursework and high teaching ability of professors is related to academic satisfaction. The purpose of this study is to explore the higher education classroom and its effects on student persistence and satisfaction.In order to face the challenges of student retention, the classroom must be explored to determine how these experiences affect the student attrition process and ultimately the BRANDING of the Institution by minimizing the GAPS in the service delivery. The classroom is a part of the curricular structure that links different disciplines around a common theme. Understanding the elements of the learning experience will provide students, faculty, staff, and administrators with a vital sense of shared inquiry.The classroom experience must be designed to provide positive experiences through the adoption of cooperative learning strategies. The article seeks to ascertain to what degree such strategies enhance student learning and persistence and, if so, how they do so. In conclusion, administrators in higher education should stuff an understanding of strategies for minority student retention. Administrators have continuously overlooked the essentially educational and developmental character of persistence as it occurs in most institutional settings.There is a rich line of inquiry of the linkage between learning and persistence that has yet to be pursued. Administrators must continue to fully explore the complex ways in which the experiences in the classroom shape both student learning and persistence. The author Braxton (1995) questioned the role of faculty teaching in student satisfaction and persistence. Administra tors must be equipped to face the challenges of minority student retention and be proactive in their approaches retain minority students.A students ability to be connected to the institutional environment and their ability to adapt to the organizational culture are related to vocational and educational stability, student satisfaction, and student success. The institutional environment and the organizational culture mediate student academic and social experiences in college. Educational stability, student satisfaction, and student success are the building blocks of the retention process this service quality delivery only reinforces the EDUCATIONAL BRAND. pic

Air India 5

2012 Flying Too Low atm India 2009 & Beyond External Environment Analysis Group 10 Strategy analysis begins with an analysis of the forces that fashion the emulation in the industry in which a company is based. An important factor of the analysis is External environment analysis. The essential purpose of this analysis is to objective the opportunities and threats in the organization operating environment that will come upon how it pursues its mission.Analysis the industry environment requires an assessment of the competitive structure of the companys industry. It alike requires analysis of the nature, stage, dynamics and history of the industry. Here, while analyzing the outside environment of Air India according to the information presented in the shift, we will concentrate on Porter tailfin Forces Model, PEST Analysis of the Air India, opportunity and threats to Air India. Finally, we will quantify all our analysis factors to come to a conclusion. Porters 5 forces perplex Porters five forces analysis is a framework for industry analysis and business strategy development formed by Michael E. Porter of Harvard Business School in 1979. It draws upon industrial organization (IO) economics to derive five forces that determine the competitive intensity and therefore attractiveness of a market. Attractiveness in this context refers to the boilersuit industry profitability. An unattractive industry is one in which the combination of these five forces acts to drive down overall profitability.Three of Porters five forces refer to competition from external sources. The remainders atomic number 18 internal threats. Porter referred to these forces as the micro environment, to contrast it with the more general term macro environment. They consist of those forces close to a company that affect its ability to serve its customers and make a profit. A clear example of this is the airline industry. As an industry, profitability is low and yet individual companies, by applying strange business models, have been able to make a return in excess of the industry average.We will see how these five factors are working for Air India. I. Rivalry among existing competitors 1. Competition in domestic and international routes * On domestic front, private airlines like Jet Airways, Kingfisher Airlines * On international front, major competition was from companies like Singapore Airlines, Etihad Airlines, Qatar Airlines and raw(a) entrants like JA 2. Better performance by competitors 3. Rapid increase in market share of competitors 4. Poaching of employees by competitors II. panic of new entrants 1. Possibility of liberalization of Aviation Industry will weaken the entry barriers and thereby will lead to increase in number of new entrants 2. Business was very lucrative to attract new entrants 3. Consistent and rapid increase of demand for airlines offering scope for profitable business and low represent carriers 4. Examples GoAIR, IndigoAir, Paramount Air ways, SpiceJet III. Threat from substitution Road and rail services posing a major threat by offering cheaper, reliable, convenient services. Travel.In case of higher Air tatter fares, Air India could lose potential customers to Rival airlines and Indian Railways. The possibility of loss of market share to Indian railways further increases by the fact that over a period of time the rail ticket fares have marginally varied compared to significant variation in air ticket fares. IV. Bargaining power of suppliers 1. Slow nature of aircraft sales, because the high value order placed by the industry can direct several years to be delivered. 2. Labour unions are suppliers who have significant power.The performance and flexibility of the entire industry depends heavily on labour unions. 3. Aviation fuel is a trade good and its expenditures are decided by market forces and existing geopolitical factors such as OPEC. At times, oil producing nations at the behest of OPEC manipulate oil pro duction target in order to keep the prices of crude to suit their profit intentions. High comprise of fuel accounts for about 35% of the total equal and increasing cost is a threat to the companys profits. 4. Aviation Turbine Fuel (ATF) is a major cost component for the Airlines in India.It is about 40% of the operating cost of the domestic carriers V. Bargaining power of buyers The bargaining power of buyers refers to the amount of pressure customers can place on a business, thus, affecting its prices, volume and profit potential. unhomogeneous airlines are competing for the same customer, which also results in strengthening the buyer power. Hence, the bargaining power of customers in the airline industry is very high since they are price sensitive and search for the best deals available. Customers are price sensitive.Many new players who are Low Cost Carriers attract these travelers by offering them low fares and those that are convenience oriented by providing them with freque nt flights. While choosing which airline to fly with, customers enjoy switching costs through frequent flyer programs created by several(prenominal) airlines. PEST Analysis PEST analysis stands for Political, stinting, Social, and Technological analysis and describes a framework of macro-environmental factors used in the environmental scanning component of strategic management. near analysts added Legal and Environmental and rearranged the mnemonic to PESTLE.It is a part of the external analysis when conducting a strategic analysis and gives an overview of the different macro environmental factors that the company has to take into consideration. It is a useful strategic tool for understanding market growth or decline, business position, potential and direction for operations. * Political factors are how and to what degree a government intervenes in the industry or firm. Specifically, political factors hold areas such as tax policy, labour law, environmental law, trade restriction s, tariffs, government policies and political stability. Economic factors imply economic growth, interest rates, exchange rates and the inflation rate. These factors have major impacts on how businesses operate and make decisions. * Social factors include the cultural aspects and include health consciousness, population growth rate, age distribution, career attitudes and emphasis on safety. Trends in social factors affect the demand for a companys products and how that company operates. * Technological factors include technological aspects such as RD activity, automation, technology incentives and the rate of technological change.They can determine barriers to entry, minimum efficient production level and fix outsourcing decisions. Furthermore, technological shifts can affect costs, quality, and lead to innovation. In case of Air India, the analysis of external environment is as follows Having done the required analysis, now let us quantify the opportunity and threats. 1 Poor cont rol over decision making T 2 Drop in oil prices* O 3 heavy control and interference of government O 4 worsening service image T 5 Labour union T 6 inclination of society towards low cost travel T global recession T 8 significant air traffic growth over a period of time O 9 restriction on FDI in Indian aviation industry O 10 Mergers among competitors T 11 possibility of opening of aviation market and privatization T 12 interest burden of new aircraft orders T 13 companys image perceived as public carrier T 14 near monopoly among Indian players in international routes O 15 over capacity of industry T 16 poaching of pilots from competitors T 17 declining debt equity ratio T 18 changes in ground handling policy T 19 agency worry THere T indicates Threat and O indicates Opportunity Assigning the weightage to the important factors, in the sense of their importance in analyzing external environment and victimization rating scale of 1 to 5 where 3 indicates average favorableness of the ex ternal environment, we get- As the quantified average of all the external environment factors is coming some below average, we conclude that, the current external environment is not favorable to Air India but, it can work on its decision making process and procession of service image as an immediate measure.

History Gcse Jarrow March Essay 2012

Jarrow March Essay 2012 The Jarrow March was a failure and didnt achieve anything In this essay, I am going to criticism the statement made and decide whether the stems given support or do non support the theory. This view is suggesting that the Jarrow March of October 1936 was a complete failure and did not achieve its goal of making the prime minister at the time, Stanley Baldwin, and the rest of the government help Jarrow in its unemployment crisis of the time. Jarrow, a town in Tyneside, Newcastle, was wizard of the closely affected places in the Gr corrode Depression of the 20th century. 4% of the people that lived in that respect were unemployed by 1935. Mainly because their main means of work, the shipyards, had all been keep out down. The 207 shewers travelled from their beloved town of Jarrow to the Palace of Westminster in London, a distance of almost 300 miles (480km). Their MP, Ellen Wilkinson walked with them. When the marchers completed their march, very little was done for them. The towns shipbuilding effort remained closed, with the marchers given money for the train fargon back to Jarrow. I am going to asses apiece source for reliability, sufficiency and its nature, origin and purpose.Some views whitethorn agree with this form of address statement made because it did not achieve its goal, it didnt not budge parliament at all, with the prime minister saying that if he gave priority to one march, which would be favouritism and it would provoke more marches. I know this from my own contextual knowledge. references A and B do agree in some sense. Source A is a poster made by the labour political party in 1951 just before the election. It is suggesting that if u didnt vote for labour, that unemployment would spark up again. It also says on the top remember? This is asking voters if they remember the Jarrow Crusade, and if they dont want a life like that again, then they should vote for labour. This source may not be original because it may not support the whole labour party view, and I may be construct to start out more votes. They construct made this poster to persuade. This agrees with the statement because it imp rests that the Jarrow crusade was a bad thing, and that they dont want it to happen again. Source B does have some agreement with A, but it does disagree as well. It is a statement from a marcher, reported in the Sun newspaper from the 31st of October 1936.He says The first daybreak is what Im afraid of. Itll be getting up and looking out of the window at the same old sight Jarrow, knowing theres nothing, nothing to do. My feet hurt terribly I know this report is reliable from my own contextual knowledge that he was right. Nothing did happen later on he would have seen the same old Jarrow. This does agree with the statement because he said that nothing would happen after, implying that the march was a complete failure. Source B does slightly agree with source A, but Source A does strongly agree with source C, D, E and F.They all disagree with the statement made. Lets start with why source A might agree with the others. Source A was made in 1951, 15 years after the march itself. Suggesting that the march must be significant because it still was remembered and it had a legacy. I have assessed reliability of A, so lets move on. Source C is the near one. It is an extract from a debate about unemployment in Jarrow and the North East in 1986. The speaker was Don Dixon, MP for Jarrow. It again, disagrees with the hypothesis. This is because this was 50 years later, and the government are still talking about the march.This suggests a very big impact and legacy from the march. I think this source is quite reliable. This is because you are not allowed to lie at all in the House of Commons and it states the facts, which are true, as supported by my own previous contextual knowledge. However he may have lied to exaggerate the need for money and employment in Jarrow, and he is one si ded because he was an eye witness and he lived through the wrap up of the Great Depression at the age of 7. He may exaggerate the state of Jarrow because he is a Labour MP.So he wants to get votes from the public, and he says if he can change Jarrow, one of the worst hit, then he can change the rest of the UK. The purpose of this extract was to inform/persuade. They do agree with each other, because they are some(prenominal) trying to make it that Jarrow was worse than it was, and they both have the same views, being Labour. They may also slightly disagree because the labour party could put anything they wanted on their propaganda, but Don Dixon was in Parliament, where he had to say certain things at certain times and probably make a speech.Source D is an extract from a book written about the Great Depression and the Jarrow Crusade in 2005. It was written to inform. I think it is very reliable because the facts are all true backed up by my contextual knowledge. This also disagree s with the hypothesis because has now been remembered in the next century, which really suggests how big and authoritative the aftermath of the Jarrow Crusade actually is. However they may have exaggerated to sell the book, or to gain good ratings. It does agree very much with C, because they both state the facts, but they also may disagree with each other because of the time difference.People in the future have different views to people back then. The next source is source E. This source is a cartoon about the lorry drivers slow drive from the north east to London to protest fuel price rises in November 2000. This purpose may be to cause humour, or reminiscence. I think this may not be very reliable. It may have been fabricated and it has no information that can be judged on it. It is also very one sided in the fact that the Jarrow Crusade inspired fat lorry drivers to smoke, eat McDonalds and protest, respectively.It does not similar to any source, and is very different to all o f them. However, it does slightly disagree with the hypothesis because it suggests that it is still remembered in the next century. Source F is last. It is a small paragraph about the Jarrow Crusade written by a modern historian in 2012. It has no reason to lie or fabricate, so therefore I think it is very reliable, because all the facts are right and accurate. (Due to contextual knowledge) It quite similar to source C and D, because they are all make full with plain, accurate facts.But C is slightly different, again, because of the reasons to fabricate. Overall, I think most of the sources do not back up the hypothesis, because of their reliability and context. My personal view is that the hypothesis may be true in the short term for Jarrow but it affected the whole world in the long run, inspiring people to stand up to what they believe in, and it still fondly remembered even now. Otherwise it still wouldnt be taught to our class now in October 2012. Thank you for reading. Shaun Perryman 10BHi. 1

Alternative Culture Medium for Fungi Essay

Scope and DelimitationThis charter is foc utilise on how to submit cream out of banana and papaw reaping scrapeings pull to facilitate avoiding fungous infections. It must be d star within a laboratory. The place must be contrisolelyory for only a matter of years. This study builds upon on how to lessen fungal infection. We only apply 200g of chop up proceeds peels (banana and papaia), 1.5 di nonwithstandinged piddle, 3 gulaman bars and etc. This product efficiency must estimate triplet trials having iii replication severally. After three trials that the study is non proved, it forget be considered failure. The paper covers pentad burning(prenominal) chapters namely the problem and its background, theoretical concept, modeology, presentation, analysis and interpretation of data and summary, conclusion and recommendation that will condone further this study. This product diminishing fungal infection concluded that it must be solve branch the basic reason fo r the occurrence of fungal infections produced by the combination of chemicals. These chemicals argon studied to produce problematic effect to the consumers of this product and whitethorn lead to allergy when it is non resolved for longer fourth dimension.Chapter II abstractive FRAMEWORKReview of link LiteratureStudies conducted by different researches were proved to support this investigatory project. Naomi (2012), when I was a child I suffered with mild eczema. It slowly diminished, but as an adult I still hurt sensitive skin which is prone to developing dry beas. As a result, looking subsequently my skin is very important to me and I am constantly on the lookout for new skin cargon products which may be suited to my troublesome skin. bingle much(prenominal) product that I recently observe is the cult beauty classic, papaw tree (or pawpaw) fulsomeness. sheers Papaya Ointment has become a must- postulate in Australia, whither it originates from, and is becoming incr easingly popular in the UK and Europe beca engage of its skin healing properties. The science behind the behave is this The papaya output which this smarm contains is extremely rich in nutrients, and due to its anti-inflammatory properties has been employ end-to-end Australian history to treat skin complaints.The skins pH brush asidecelly sits at a lightly acidic 5.5 ( cognize as the skins acid mantle), but this can be do more(prenominal) alkaline by shower gels and soaps, which in turn can irritate the skin. Papaya ointment dishs to hydrate the skin and bring the pH level back down to an appropriate level, using the probiotics that atomic number 18 employ to ferment the papaya before it is make into ointment. PURE Papaya Ointment is petrochemical-free and contains only natural ingredients, so theres nothing nasty and chemically in it to cause some(prenominal) irritation. alone the ingredients be c atomic number 18fully chosen for their beneficial properties too. F or instance, Shea Butter, Jojoba Oil and Macadamia Oil ar intensely moisturizing and nourishing, Calendula is anti-fungal which helps to embarrass some skin diseases, Vitamin E helps to heal and protect the skin and Beeswax is insoluble in water so trends a protective barrier on the skin. Because of its healing properties and because it is so nourishing, PURE Papaya Ointment has an endless list of uses.I have been using it for weeks now, and I have found it to be invaluably versatile. The backs of my hands are naturally very dry, which is only do worse by hot showers and using cleansing products, which frequently cause the skin to crack. Using the ointment as a moisturizer has softened the skin on my hands and has stopped them chapping, which I am so, so happy more or less. Ive withal been massaging it into my cuticles on a regular basis to condition them, which has made my nails look a lot better. I utilize it to lull an insect bite last week too, and as a lip balm when I haply bit my lip and made it sore. PURE besides state that the ointment can be use to soothe nappy rash, sun burn or weather-irritated skin, to moisten sore nipples caused by breastfeeding, to soften calluses, as skin protection by runners or hill-walkers, to soothe skin after shaving or epilating, as a natural hair styling wax and much more.The product is in any case very popular with makeup artists, who use it as a pocketbook for make-up and on the lips of models as, because it doesnt contain pet bureauum jelly, it doesnt melt or sweat infra hot lights. PURE sell three different coat containers of Papaya Ointment, which can alike be bought in bundles. The 25g squeezy tube pictured costs 9.99 and is the perfect coat to carry with you in your handbag. For 19.99 you can get a bear-sized 100g tube, or for 35.99 theres a 200g jar of ointment available, both of which are a great size for the bathroom cabinet or for use by make-up artists. If you want to try PURE Papaya Oint ment for yourself, visit the PURE Papaya website here. After featuring in their Must Haves Beauty Kit, PURE recently teamed up with BeTrousse to offer a 20% discount on their products.The Difficulties of fruit dealers, its not different from separate market dealers in a certain way. Commonly, problem occurs when delivering it results of disadvantages. For recitation, traffic, road constructions, and even weather disturbances. All of these are stated here in the review for the fact that these can be a reason of fruit spoilage. Choosing an appropriate fruit shouldnt be lost here either. Fruits commonly seen in the market would be manage apple, banana, o governs, mango, and any former(a) fruits. And I say banana would easy to be eaten. The banana shew is the largest herbaceous inflorescence industrial plant. The plants are normally lanky and fairly sturdy and are often mistaken for trees, but their main or upright straw is actually a pseudo stem that grows 6 to 7.6 meters (2 0 to 24.9 ft.) tall, growing from a corm. Banana is a staple starch for many tropical populations. The flesh can vary in texture from firm to mushy. Both skin and inner part can be eaten raw or cooked. Bananas flavor is due, amongst separate chemicals, to isoamyl acetate which is one of the main constituents of banana oil.Banana hearts are used as vegetables in South Asian and Southeast Asian cuisine, either raw or besotted with dips or cooked in soups, curries and fried provenders. The flavor resembles that of artichoke. As with artichokes, both the fleshy part of the bracts and the heart are edible. Banana leaves are large, flexible, and waterproof. They are often used as ecologically friendly disposable sustenance containers or as plates in South Asia and several Southeast Asian countries and may be also used as umbrellas when the pseudo stems are tied together to form a floatation blind only in regions where banana grows. The tender core of the banana plants trunk is also u sed in South Asian and Southeast Asian cuisine, and notably in the Burmese service mohinga (rice noodles in fish soup) Banana peel may also have capability to cite weighty metal contamination from river water, corresponding to separate purification materials. ( near of it is taken from Wikipedia)Papaya with the scientific name, Carica papaya is a common fruit to be found in tropical countries. It is a succulent fruit of the family Caricaceas. Papayas are unremarkably grown from seed. Their development is rapid, fruit world produced before the end of the first year. chthonian favorable conditions, a papaya plant may live for five years or more. Papaya is oval in shape and the colorise of the skin is green if unripe. It will turn to green white-livered when it is ripe. The flesh of papaya is white before maturity, turns to a rich orange-yellow or deep rose when ripe, with colour varying according to variety. Papaya fruit is sweet in taste, with an agreeable musky tang, whic h is more sound out in some varieties and in some climates than in others. Papaya has been regarded as one of the almost precious tropical fruits that contains many biological active compounds.Filamentous fungus kingdom of 84 genera, represented by 234 species, were uncaring in the period 19191977, from much(prenominal) library materials as books, paper, parchment, feather, textiles, animal and vegetable glues, inks, wax seals, moving pictures, magnetised tapes, microfilms, black and white photographs, papyrus, wood, and synthetic materials (in books). Thirty-four genera of kingdom Fungi have been degage in the air of three archives in Warsaw, Poland. Most of these have also been found in library materials. Based on 219 isolations from library materials, a list of 40 species of filament wish fungi has been provided for those species isolated with a frequency of three times or more.Despite 80 years of investigations into the microbiology of library materials there is still a straight lack of information on fungi colonizing library materials in North and South America, Asia, Africa, and Australia. Among the 84 genera and 234 species of filamentous fungi, 19% may be a source of different diseases caused by mycotoxins. So far though, secret code has labelled libraries sick buildings. In addition, finale collections do not seem to acquire or concord strains isolated from library materials (e.g. IMI in Egham, UK, retains over 16 500 strains, yet none of these strains are isolated from library materials). Review of related StudiesMoore-Landecker (1998), studied the fungi of mycology. At various points throughout history, fungi have been considered to be either plants or animals. It was finally concluded that fungi are neither plants nor animals, but are a distinct group. Fungi are now considered one of the five kingdoms into which all living beingnesss are classified. Fungi have a unique cellular structure and an unusual pattern of sexual reproduction. They may be single-celled or multicelled organisms (the great majority are multicelled), in which each cell contains a nucleus. Examples of fungi let in puffballs, plucks, yeasts, and molds. Fungi have an unusual cellular structure in that the nuclei stream amidst cells, making it appear as if the cells have multiple nuclei. This cellular structure, along with their unique method of reproducing by forming spores, distinguishes the fungi from all other organisms. Fungi are heterotrophs, meaning they cannot produce their own food from inorganic matter (not derived from living organisms). Fungi secrete enzymes that breakdown organic matter (derived from living organisms) outside their bodies.Their cells thusly fasten on the products. The digestive activities of fungi are inseparable in the decomposition (breakdown) of organic material and the cycle of nutrients in nature. Some fungi, called saprobes, stimulate nutrients from nonliving organic matter. Other fungi are parasites, m eaning they obtain nutrients from the tissues of living host organisms. Toe jam (2007), studied that some Fungi cause a build of military man, plant, and animal diseases, bandage the others provide numerous drugs (such as penicillin and other antibiotics), foods (e.g., various Mushrooms, Truffles and Morels, and various barms which are used in bread, champagne, and beer). Other common Fungi are rusts, smuts, puffballs, molds, many Ascomycetes such as the agents of Dutch elm disease and chestnut blight. However, many other fungi are biotrophs, and in this fibre a number of successful groups form symbiotic associations with plants (including algae), animals ( in particular arthropods), and prokaryotes.Examples are lichens, mycorrhizae, and leaf and stem endophytes. Among the other well-know associations are fungal parasites of animals. Humans, for example, may succumb to diseases caused by Pneumocystis (a pillowcase of pneumonia that affects individuals with supressed immune sys tems), Coccidioides (valley fever), Ajellomyces (blastomycosis and histoplasmosis), and Cryptococcus. Lichens (1887), studied that some of the fungi beaten(prenominal) to people are used in fermentation, such as Saccharomyces sp., which can be used to make bread or wine and only can be seen with microscope. Some members of order order Mucorales (Zygomycota) are used to make fermented soy beans. Rhizopus sp. that grows on old bread are also members of Zygomycota. Penicillin, astray used in medicine, is made from Penicillium sp., a member of Mitosporic fungi. many another(prenominal) edible fungi, such as Lentinusedodes (Berk.), Agaricus bisporus and auricularia, are members of subdivision Basidiomycota.In addition to their use as food and medicine, fungi are also important players in nature. Many fungi, such as wood-rotting fungi and Piloboous sp., participate in the decomposition motion of bio remains or organic matters, accelerating the cycle and use of natural substances. Some fungi are bloodsucking and may cause diseases. For example, cordyceps sinensis is the host insect of Cordyceps sp. Ganoderma sp. lives on trees parasitically and causes damage to them. Many fungi form mutually-beneficial symbiotic relations with other heart forms. For instance, lichens, commonly seen in the forests or woods, are symbiotic life forms consisting of fungi and algae. Root systems of a vast majority of seed plants and members of Endogonaceae may form endomycorrhiza kinship, which enhances the ability of plants to absorb nutrients from the soil. Many species of fungi form ectomycorrhiza relationship with plants. In short, fungi of various kinds play an important role in both natural ecosystems and our daily life. However, our knowledge of them is still quite limited.The book introduces members of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota in the hope that the general public can know more about them and more students can be inspired to join the research work of this biological field. Gauthier (2003), according to her that the children, especially during the summer time when they spend a lot of time outdoors, can often get scrapes on their knees and elbows. Carpet burn from sitting on the ground too long can also occur. Instead of using a commercially-sold ointment from the pharmacy, use a banana peel to alleviate the pain from the scrape and promote healing. attenuated a small portion of the banana peel and rub the inside of the peel against the scrape or carpet burn. The inside of the banana peel acts as ointment to help heal the wound. Bobby Gene (1998), conducted an extract composition derived from the peel of a banana and the method for producing the extract composition. An aqueous solvent is combined with the peel of a banana. If the banana is unripe, a base is also added. The mixture is homogenized and allowed to react at least until a black supernatant appears.The entire slurry is filtered. The resulting extract is used alone or combined with a cream or ointment. Medicinal benefits of the extract include relief from pain, swelling, itching, bruising, wrinkles, and sunburn. Boyle (2003), studied that people can use papaya ointment to help sterilize and heal rashes, burns, and open cuts. It is also popular for treating dry skin, eczema, and other skin irritations. Some individuals find that it works to reduce skin blemishes, pimples, and acne. Basically, it can be used on any skin condition for which a person capability otherwise apply another type of commercial antibiotic. It is also available as a lip balm to treat cracked, chapped, or desquamation lips. To make papaya ointment, manufacturers ferment the fruit of the pawpaw and typically combine it with other stabilizing ingredients, such as petroleum jelly and preservatives. The thick, pale-yellow gel that is produced has a vague, sour odor. Some manufacturers combine the papaya ointment with other ingredients to enhance its skin-softening and healing properties and mask the un winning smell.For instance, coconut oil, aloe, or honey might be combined with pawpaw extract to create a product that encompasses the benefits of each while having a pleasant fragrance. Some individuals prefer a purer form of papaya ointment, and some retailers sell all-natural products containing no added preservatives or other ingredients. For those seeking the purest approach, the moist underside of the peel from a raw papaya actually contains a cumbersome substance that many claim has all the benefits of manufactured lotions.If a person is lucky enough to have regular access to pawpaw fruit, he or she can take advantage of the healing benefits by rubbing the peel directly onto the problem skin areas. As a caveat, some people might have a sensitivity to papaya or the ingredients used in the manufacture of papaya ointment. In that event, using the salve could actually cause additional, more serious skin irritation. Further, there is some demonstration that papaya, especially w hen not completely ripened, could affect a womans ability to become pregnant. Consequently, individuals who are trying to become pregnant are advised against usingpapaya ointment.According to Hawks worth (1992), there are try a little 1.5 million described species of fungi. A little more than 400 of these species are known to cause disease in animals, and far fewer of these species will specifically cause disease in people. Many of the latter will only be superficial types of diseases that are more of a decorative than a health problem. Thus, there are not many species of fungi that are pathogenic to human that will be fatal. The study of Fungi as animal and human pathogens is medical mycology. There is also such a thing as veterinary mycology, but the types of diseases that are found in your pets often are the same as those that are found in people. Because of the rarity of human diseases caused by Fungi, most people have little, if any, knowledge of such diseases.The diseases of warm-blooded animals caused by fungi are known as mycoses. Although such diseases are relatively few, the fungi that cause them have a wide host as well as geographical range. Most of these diseases are not fatal, but once contracted they may forever be a source of constant irritation and can lead to permanent scaring, which is why they are not such a pretty sight to view. The successful treatment of fungal diseases is more difficult than those caused by bacteria.Because bacteria are prokaryotes, the makeup of their cells are very different than our own eukaryotic cells and pharmaceutical products, such as antibiotics, are able to successfully destroy bacteria without harming our cells, tissues and organs. However, because fungi are eukaryotes, finding a treatment that will kill the fungus and not harm our own cells is more difficult. Thus, most chemical treatments are also toxic us as well as the fungus. The most wide used drug for treating systemic mycosis and other fungal infect ions that do not respond to other drugs is Amphotericin B. Azole drugs are also widely used, but these only inhibited fungal growth and do not kill the fungus.Conceptual FrameworkHypothesisa.) Both Banana and papaya peels extract would be an ersatz subtlety culture medium for fungi. b.) Only the banana peel extract will be the alternating(a) culture medium for fungi c.) Only the papaya peel extract would be an alternative culture medium for fungi d.) Both banana and papaya peels extract will not be an alternative culture medium for fungi.Definition of Variablesa.) BananaBananas are the most popular fruit in the world. Members of the genus Musa (part of the family Musaceae), they are considered to be derived from the wild species Musa acuminata (AA) and Musa balbisiana (BB). It is believed that there are almost 1000 varieties of bananas in the world, subdivided in 50 groups.b.) PapayaPapaya is a luscious fruit that has been taken for granted. Papaya fruits are sizeable sources of Vitamin A, B and C. It is a familiar meat tenderizer because for clearing fruit juices, on fermenting liquors, pre-shrinking the fiber of wool and as soap for washing clothes. Papaya possesses medicinal values.c.) FungiFungi constitute one of the life kingdoms. Fungi are eukaryotic (eu=true karyon=nucleus) organisms with a cell wall like plants, but they do not have chlorophyll. Fungi are not able to conduct their food like animals do, nor can they manufacture their own food the way plants do. Instead, fungi feed by concentration of nutrients from the surrounding environment. They accomplish this by growing through and within the substrate on which they are feeding.d.) buy foodTo withdraw (as a juice or fraction) by physical or chemical process or to treat with a solvent so as to remove a soluble substance.e.) Feasibility clear of being used or dealt with successfullyf.) ExperimentAn operation or procedure carried out under controlled conditions in order to discover an unknow n effect or law, to hear or raise a hypothesis, or to illustrate a known lawg.) stump spud dextrose nutrient agarPotato dextrose agar (BAM Media M127) is common microbiological growth media-0 made from potato-1 infusion-2, and dextrose-3. Potato dextrose agar (abbreviated PDA) is the most widely used medium for growing fungi and bacteria which attack living plants or decaying dead plant matter. Potato Dextrose Agar is a nutrient rich media that mycelia thrive upon.h.) Fruit peelsPeel, also known as rind or skin, is the outer protective layer of a fruit-4 or vegetable-5 which could be peeled off. The rind is usually the botanical-6 exocarp-7, but the term exocarp does also include the hard cases of nuts-8, which are not named peels since they are not peeled off by hand or peeler, but rather shells because of their hardness. i.) Autoclave a thingumabob for sterilizing implements using steam at high temperature.Conceptual FrameworkHypothesisa.) Both banana and papaya peels extract would be an alternative culture medium for fungi. b.) Only banana peel extract will be an alternative culture medium for fungi. c.) Only papaya peel extract would be an alternative culture medium for fungi.Definition of VariablesBananaThe banana plant is the largest herbaceous-9 flowering plant. The plants are normally tall and fairly sturdy and are often mistaken for trees-10, but their main or upright stem is actually apseudostem-11 that grows 6 to 7.6 metres (20 to 24.9 ft.) tall, growing from a corm-12. Each pseudo stem can produce a single bunch of bananas. After fruiting, the pseudo stem dies, but offshoots may develop from the base of the plant. Many varieties of bananas are perennial PapayaThe papaya is a large, tree-13-like plant-14, with a single stem-15 growing from 5 to 10 m (16 to 33 ft.) tall, with spirally arranged leaves-16 confined to the top of the trunk-17. The lower trunk is conspicuously scarred-18 where leaves and fruit were borne. The leaves are large, 5070 c m (2028 in) in diameter-19, deeply palmately-20 lobed, with seven lobes. Unusually for such large plants, the trees are dioeciously-21. The tree is usually unbranched, unless lopped. The flowers are similar in shape to the flowers of the Plumeria-22, but are much smaller and wax-23-like. They appear on the axils-24 of the leaves, maturing into large fruit 1545 cm (5.918 in) long and 1030 cm (3.912 in) in diameter. The fruit is ripe-25 when it feels soft (as soft as a ripe avocado or a bit softer) and its skin has attained amber to orange hue.FungiA fungus is a member of a large group of eukaryotic-26 organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts-27 and molds-28 as well as the more familiar mushrooms-29. These organisms are classified as a kingdom-30, Fungi, which is separate from plants, animals, and bacteria-31. One major difference is that fungal cells have cell walls-32 that contain chitin-33, unlike the cell walls of plants, which contain cellulose-34.These and other di fferences show that the fungi form a single group of related organisms, named the Eumycota (true fungi or Eumycetes), that share a common ancestor-35 (a monophyletic group). This fungal group is distinct from the structurally similarmyxomycetes-36 (slime molds) and omycetes-37 (water molds). The discipline of biology devote to the study of fungi is known as mycology-38, which is often regarded as a branch of botany-39, even though genetic studies have shown that fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants. Potato dextrose agarPotato dextrose agar (BAM Media M127) and potato dextrose broth are common microbiological growth media-40 made from potato-41 infusion-42, and dextrose-43. Potato dextrose agar (abbreviated PDA) is the most widely used medium for growing fungi and bacteria which attack living plants or decaying dead plant matter.GulamanThe gulaman jelly bars are used in the various Filipino refreshments or desserts such assago at gulaman (or gulaman at sago, comm only shortened tosagot gulaman), buko pandan, agar flan, halo-halo-44, different varieties of Filipino fruit salads, black gulaman, and red gulaman.CHAPTER IITHEORITICAL FRAMEWORKReview of related literatureStudies conducted by different researches were proved to support this investigatory project. Fungi exist primarily as filamentous dikaryotic organisms. As part of their life cycle, fungi produce spores. In this electron micrograph of a mushroom gill, the four spores produced by meiosis (seen in the center of this picture) are carried on a club like sporangium (visible to the left and right). From these spores, haploid hyphae grow and ramify, and may give rise to asexual sporangia, special hyphae which produce spores without meiosis. The sexual phase is begun when haploid hyphae from two different fungal organisms meet and fuse. When this occurs, the cytoplasm from the two cells fuses, but the nuclei remain separate and distinct. The single hypha produced by fusion typically has t wo nuclei per cell, and is known as a dikaryon, meaning two nuclei. The dikaryon may live and grow for years, and some are thought to be many centuries old.Eventually, the dikaryon forms sexual sporangia in which the nuclei fuse into one, which then undergoes meiosis to form haploid spores, and the cycle, is repeated. Some fungi, especially the chytrids-45 and zygomycetes, have a life cycle more like that found in many protists-46. The organism is haploid, and has no diploid phase, except for the sexual sporangium. A number of fungi have lost the readiness for sexual reproduction, and reproduce by asexual spores or by vegetative growth only. These fungi are referred to as Fungi Imperfecti, and include, among other members, the athletes foot and the fungus in bleu cheese. Other fungi, such as the yeasts, primarily reproduce through asexual fission, or by fragmentation breaking apart, with each of the pieces growing into a new organism. Fungi are heterotrophic.Fungi are not able to ingest their food like animals do, nor can they manufacture their own food the way plants do. Instead, fungi feed by absorption of nutrients from the environment around them. They accomplish this by growing through and within the substrate on which they are feeding. Numerous hyphae network through the wood, cheese, soil, or flesh from which they are growing. The hyphae secrete digestive enzymes which break down the substrate, making it easier for the fungus to absorb the nutrients which the substrate contains. This filamentous growth means that the fungus is in intimate impact with its surroundings it has a very large surface area compared to its volume. While this makes diffusion of nutrients into the hyphae easier, it also makes the fungus unresistant to desiccation and ion imbalance. But usually this is not a problem, since the fungus is growing within a moist substrate. Most fungi are saprophytes, feeding on dead or decaying material.This helps to remove leaf litter and other debris that would otherwise accumulate on the ground. Nutrients absorbed by the fungus then become available for other organisms which may eat fungi. A very few fungi actively capture prey, such as Arthrobotrys which snares nematodes on which it feeds. Many fungi are parasitic, feeding on living organisms without killing them. Ergot, corn smut, Dutch elm disease, and ringworm are all diseases caused by parasitic fungi. Mycorrhizae are a symbiotic relationship between fungi and plants. Most plants-47 rely on a symbiotic fungus to aid them in acquiring water and nutrients from the soil. The specialized roots which the plants grow and the fungus which inhabits them are together known as mycorrhizae, or fungal roots. The fungus, with its large surface area, is able to soak up water and nutrients over a large area and provide them to the plant. In return, the plant provides energy-rich sugars manufactured through photosynthesis.Examples of mycorrhizal fungi include truffles and Auricular IA, the mushroom which flavors sweet-and-sour soup. In some cases, such as the vanilla orchid-48 and many other orchids, the young plant cannot establish itself at all without the aid of its fungal partner. In liverworts, mosses, lycophytes-49, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants-50, fungi form a symbiotic relationship with the plant. Because mycorrhizal associations are found in so many plants, it is thought that they may have been an essential element in the transition of plants onto the land. Fungi are classified within their own kingdom The demesne Fungi, while some are in The Kingdom Protista. A fungus is neither a plant nor an animal. It is similar to a plant, but it has no chlorophyll and cannot make its own food like a plant can through photosynthesis.They get their food by absorbing nutrients from their surroundings. Kingdom Fungi includes mushrooms, rusts, smuts, puffballs, truffles, morels, molds, and yeasts, and thousands of other organisms and microorganisms. They range from microscopic single-celled organisms, such as yeast, to gigantic multicellular organisms. Many fungi play a crucial role in decomposition (breaking things down) and returning nutrients to the soil. They are also used in medicine, an example is the antibiotic-51 penicillin, as well as in industry and food preparation.For a long time fungi were classified as plants, mainly because of their similar lifestyles both are seen to grow in soil and are sessile (permanently attached not moving). industrial plant and fungal cells both have a cell wall, while cells from the animal kingdom dont. Fungi are thought to have diverged from the plant and animal kingdoms about one billion years ago. Mycology is the study of fungi it is a branch of biology. A mycologist studies fungis genes, biochemical properties, their use to us as a source of food, their hallucinogenic, poisonous and pathogenic (ability to cause disease) properties. It was not until the 16th century, when the microscope was developed, that mycology became a well-established science.Review of related StudiesBrendan (1986), conducted an extract composition derived from the peel of a banana and the method for producing the extract composition. An aqueous solvent is combined with the peel of a banana. If the banana is unripe, a base is also added. The mixture is homogenized and allowed to react at least until a black supernatant appears. The entire slurry is filtered. The resulting extract is used alone or combined with a cream or ointment. Medicinal benefits of the extract include relief from pain, swelling, itching, bruising, wrinkles, and sunburn.Hudson (1988), studied that papaya is a fruit that contains precious enzymes like chymopapain and papain that assist our digestion process. The enzymes specifically help to convert proteins from the food that we consume into amino acids. Recent research has shown how amino acids act as a key agent in various processes concerning our physical and mental heal th,including chemical reactions that take place in our bodies. As we grow older the production of digestive enzymes slows within our pancreas and stomach, and this causes the digestion of protein to become less effective. The result is an otiose of undigested proteins that help fight the growth of the harmful bacteria within the gastrointestinal system and the absence of important amino acids that facilitate all vital chemical reactions. In order to maintain unplayful health, it is absolutely essential to retain quality protein. The enzymes in papaya play a crucial role in this process. Proteolytic enzymes such as papain digest non-living or inert proteins. Intestinal parasites are attacked and killed by papain as these parasites are made of protein.Research is being conducted in relation to the use of papain for relieving the side effects of cancer therapy. It is known to effectively ease side effects such as mouth sores and problems with swallowing sideline chemotherapy and ra diation sessions. It prepares our body to fight cancer and strengthens our immune system as well. Fermented papaya enzymes are used by an Australian company known as Rochway to create a product called papaya35. This product is made out of organically grown papaya. Their probiotic papaya mixture has antioxidant properties that strongly resist harmful molecules in our bodies. Cancer, Alzheimers, Parkinsons and diabetes are all caused by these same harmful molecules. Numerous studies are being carried out on the benefits of papaya, and new benefits are being added to a long list. If you are interested in the current studies being conducted you can find more information at PubMed.gov.Youre likely to come across a useful papaya ointment if you search the market or alternatively, you can consume fresh papaya fruit. If you are seeking the therapeutic effects of consuming papaya, you may take note that ripe papaya contains chymopapain and papain (proteolytic enzymes) in lesser amounts than green papaya (as it has not ripened at this point). Strakosch 1943 experimental studies on the acumen of the following substances lard, cod liver oil, olive oil, petrolatum, vaseline (Chesebrough), lanolin, petrolatum and lanolin to equal parts, Aquaphor (Duke), petrolatum plus five per cent cetyl alcohol, a base consisting of mannide monooleate-ceresin wax-petrolatum-mineral oil-lanolin, Hydrosorb (Abbott), rose water ointment USP., lecithin ointment, a base consisting of stearyl alcohol-mineral oil-water-petrolatum and a base consisting of placid petrolatum-peanut oil-triethanolamine-stearic acidcetyl alcohol and water, were reported.The relative intensity of the penetration into the normal human skin of the different test substances listed in the order from the best to the worst penetration, as revealed by this study is as follows the base consisting of liquid petrolatum-peanut oil-steric acid-triethanolamine-acetyl alcohol and water Hydrosorb (Abbott), Aquaphor (Dule), lard, cold liver oil, stearyl alcohol-mineral oil-water-petrolatum, lanolin, a base consisting of mannide monooleate-ceresin wax-petrolatum-mineral oil-lanolin, lecithin ointment, petrolatum and lanolin to equal parts, petrolatum plus five per cent cetyl alcohol, olive oil, rose water ointment, vaseline (Chesebrough), and finally petrolatum as such.-0 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_medium-1 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato-2 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infusion-3 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose-4 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit-5 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable-6 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany-7 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exocarp-8 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_%28fruit%29-9 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbaceous-10 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree-11 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudostem-12 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corm-13 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree-14 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant-15 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_stem-16 http// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf-17 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trunk_(botany)-18 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scar-19 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diameter-20 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmate-21 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioecious-22 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumeria-23 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wax-24 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axil-25 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripening-26 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote-27 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast-28 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mold-29 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushrooms-30 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)-31 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria-32 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_wall-33 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitin-34 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose-35 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_ancestor-36 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxomycetes-37 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oomycetes-38 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycology-39 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany-40 http//en.wikipedi a.org/wiki/Growth_medium-41 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato-42 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infusion-43 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose-44 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo-halo-45 http//www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/fungi/chytrids.html-46 http//www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/alllife/eukaryotasy.html -47 http//www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/plants/plantae.html-48 http//www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/monocots/liliflorae/orchidales.html -49 http//www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/plants/lycophyta/lycophyta.html -50 http//www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/anthophyta/anthophyta.html -51 http//www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/10278.php