A Stakeholder Framework for Analyzing and Evaluating Corporate Social Essay

A Stakeholder Framework for Analyzing and Evaluating Corporate Social Performance - Essay Example It launched its slogan in the year 2010; â€Å"Tiles for Everyone.† Topps Tiles PLC have 25 percent share in the ceramic tile industry (Topps Tiles, 2012, p. 3). The annual report of the company revealed that in 2010, Topps Tiles PLC has gained 2 percent more marker share that the last year. This company has three segments: a) Topps Tiles PLC retail operations in UK, b) Tile Clearing House (TCH), and c) Topps Tiles floor store business in Holland. So Topps Tiles PLC has 37 TCH and 275 outlets now. Topps Tiles Holdings is a subsidiary of Topps Tiles PLC, UK, which deals in ceramic tiles and wooden floorings. The company has about 1660 employees. Topps Tiles PLC claims to be the number one ceramic tile supplier or retailer. The mission of the company is to offer value and excellent quality products to its customers. The revenue generated in 2011 was ?175.5 million (MarketLine, 2012b, p. 3-4; The Financial Times Ltd, 2012). Products Topps Tiles PLC offers a wide range of flooring options to its customers. Apart from flooring, products for outdoor paving, tools and accessories for setting the tiles or other flooring options are also sold. They also offer online advice services for assisting customers in a better way. Tiles such as ceramic, porcelain, prestige stone, mosaic, etc are sold for not only floors but also for walls, especially in the bathrooms and kitchens. Specific range of kitchen tiles are there to give an energetic feel to the kitchen, so that cooking no more remains a boring job. Apart from the polished tiles, natural stones are also available for flooring to give an old and rustic look to the house. Special styling products like splash backs are also available. Services like designing, styling, and advice for cleaning and maintaining these floorings are also given by special advisors. Geographical Scopes Topps Tiles stores are located mainly in London and the other cities of UK. Though the company is listed and is counted among the top tile b rands, but geography wise Topps Tiles PLC is confined to UK and its neighbouring areas only. Business Model Topps Tiles PLC follows a hybrid business model as it follows both business to business and business to customer form of dealing. Flooring tiles and stones are sold to real estate and construction companies and also to end users or customers who buy for their homes. It is also sold to very small retail companies who conduct business on a small scale basis. Topps Tiles PLC is a company which follows the sole objective of offering the best quality flooring tiles whether the customer is a business house or an individual, who is purchasing small quantity of products. The motto is to offer value for money. STRATEGIC ANALYSIS The functional analytical tools that are utilized to make strategic judgment in order to estimate the attractiveness of the market are: a) PESTLE Analysis, b) Porter’s Five Force Model, c) SWOT Analysis, d) Strategic Group Mapping, d) Stakeholders Analys is, and e) Risk Analysis. Each of these strategic tools or theories has been discussed and their implications with respect to Topps Tiles Plc are explained below: PESTLE Analysis PESTLE ANALYSIS Factors Analysis Political UK being one of the most powerful and flourishing country in the world has a significant role to play in the international business

Role of Genomics Educated Nurses

Role of Genomics Educated Nurses GENETICS ROLE IN HEALTH CARE OF PATIENTS 1 Evidence Based Practice Paper on Genetics Role in Health Care of Patients Minimol Shebeen American Sentinel University Evidence Based Practice Paper on Genetics Role in Health Care of Patients Evidence-based practice (EBP) is the incorporation of clinical skill, patient advantages and the best research evidence into the decision-making process for patient care. Clinical expertness relates to the clinician’s gathered knowledge, education and clinical abilities. The patient brings to the encounter his or her own personal likings and unique concerns, hopes and values. The finest research verification is normally established in clinically significant research that has been organized using sound methodology. (Duke University Medical Center Library, 2013). The majority of diseases jeopardizes, health situation and the remedies used to treat those conditions has a genetic element impacted by lifestyle, environmental and other factors, and therefore affecting the whole nursing profession. Nurses have intimate knowledge of the patient’s, family’s, about community’s perspectives and an understanding of biological supports. Nurses also have experience with genomic technologies and information along with skills in communication and building coalitions and most importantly, the public’s trust. Nurses are well positioned to incorporate genetic and genomic information across all aspects of the United States health care system. Nurses, the most trusted health professionals, make unique contributions to the field of human genetics and genomics and complement the work of other health care providers to improve the health of the public (Calzone et al., 2010). This paper looks into the role of genomics educated nurses in saving lives and improving health care quality. Genetic Engineering According to The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia (2013), genetic engineering is the use of different methods to engineer the genetic material of cells to change hereditary features to produce biological products. Various techniques are used, including Use of hybrids of quickly proliferating cancer cells and cells that make a needed antibody to make monoclonal antibodies Polymerase chain reaction in which complete copies of Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fractions are made and used in DNA fingerprinting. Gene splicing, in which DNA of a wanted gene is inserted into a DNA of a bacterium which then reproduces itself producing more of the wanted gene. Genetically engineered outputs include bacteria intended to break down industrial waste products and oil slicks, drugs like human insulin, human and bovine growth hormones and interferon. It may also degrade plants that are resistant to insects, diseases and herbicides, that yield fruit or vegetables with desired qualities, or produce toxins that act as pesticides. Genetic engineering methods have also been used in the direct gene conversion of livestock and laboratory animals (The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 2013). Legal and Ethical Issues According to Lea (2008), genetics have developed to include the effect of a person’s entire genome, environmental elements and their joint effects on health. This growth is creating new, gene-based technologies for the preview, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of both uncommon and common diseases, such as cancer, heart disease, diabetes and stroke. New genomic breakthroughs and their implementations bring great expectation for a more personalized appeal to treat disease. While these new indications raise expectations for disease prevention and treatment, they also bring hard ethical issues to patients and healthcare providers in a similar way. Some of the ethical challenges for nurses are Privacy and Confidentiality Who shall have reach to genetic data? Who owns and commands it? How can families settle differences when some members want to be tested for a genetic disturbance, and others do not? Discrimination Should managements be able to need job appliers to take genetic tests as a requirement of employment? Unbiased Access to Genomic Technologies Resource-poor countries, the uninsured, rural and inner-city communities – how might genomic science and treatments be made available to those with fewer reserves? Rare genetic conditions – who will invest the progress of treatments for genetic disorders that affect a comparatively small number of people? Influence of Genetic Data How does a person’s genetic data influence that individual and society’s feeling of that individual? How do genes and genomic facts affect fellows of minority populations? According to National Human Genome Research Institute (2007), certain ethical, legal and social issues research areas identified as the main challenges for the future of genomic research: Intellectual property issues surrounding the approach to and use of genetic knowledge Ethical, legal and social factors that impact the interpretation of genetic data to improved health Problems surrounding the manners of genetic research Issues surrounding the use of genetic knowledge and technologies in non-health care backgrounds The impact of genomics on notions of race, kinship, ethnicity and individual and group identity The associations for both individuals and society of unveiling genomic inputs to human features and conducts How different individuals, cultures and religious practices view the ethical boundaries for the uses of genomics Mandatory Screening Newborn screening is a growing use of genetic examination. A technology called Tandem Mass Spectrometry is now being used by many state newborn screening programs, permitting screening for more than 24 distinctive genetic disorders using one easy test. This widened newborn screening raises new issues about well-informed decision making. As illustrated by the American Academy of Pediatrics, genetic testing varies from other types of medical testing in that it provides information about the family. For example, a diagnosis of Phenylketonuria (PKU) made in an infant through newborn screening means that the infant’s parents are carriers, and that they have a 25 percent chance with each future pregnancy for having another child with PKU. Each of the parents’ siblings has a 50 percent chance to be transporters. Thus, the screening results may have related social, psychological and financial risks. Parents who are carriers may have psychological risks which may comprise parent al responsibility. A child diagnosed with a genetic condition may face descended identity and risk insurance and employment unequal treatment. At present, most states have mandatory newborn screening agendas that require all infants to be screened unless the parents deny. This is called informed dissent, with least information supplied to parents. An informed consent process, on the other hand, would include talk with the parents about the risks, restrictions and benefits of newborn screening before consenting to the testing. Having an informed consent procedure for newborn screening has the attitude for faster and efficient responses to positive outcomes. The American Academy of Pediatrics has recommended that pediatric providers give parents the needed data and counseling regarding the risks, benefits, and limitations of newborn screening, and that they cooperate with genetics professionals and prenatal care providers in providing this difficult information to the parents. There a re currently two states that require informed consent for newborn screening, Maryland and Wyoming. Thirteen other states need that parents are well-informed about the newborn screening ahead the testing is done on their infant. All but one state, South Dakota, permit parental rejection of newborn screening for religious or personal reasons (Lea, 2008). Healthcare Providers Role in Gene Therapy The nursing profession is a crucial contributor of the finest health care services and is key to ending the gap between research breakthroughs that are effective for health care and their affluent adoption to optimize health. Every year, over 106,000 people in the United States will die from adverse effects from medicaments ordered and dispensed in correct dosages, and over two million will bear grave but not life-threatening toxicities. Among individuals 65 years of age or older, 17.3 percent of adverse drug event related emergency department visits were connected with warfarin, the majority of, which were dose-related with 44.2 percent needing hospitalization. Individual genetic markers are among the causes that add to the decision of warfarin dose conditions. A strong nursing element, can decrease the extent of life-threatening hemorrhage or sub-therapeutic dosing that can result in thrombosis as an outcome of individual responses regulated by genetic structure. Despite an expandi ng body of evidence with the addition of genetics and genomics to health or illness, the proof specific to results of genetically competent nursing practice and the effect on the public’s health is very insufficient. However, individual stories point to the possibility for changing health care by the genomically competent nurse (Calzone et al., 2010). A nurse who is informed about genetics and trained at acquiring and reviewing risk in a family history have the possibility to help people avert adult-onset disorders and resulting morbidity and mortality. More than 180,000 new cases of breast cancer are identified yearly, of which approximately 5 to 10 percent will have an inherited vulnerability to the disease. A nurse case manager took a brief family pedigree of a woman to recognize any information persistent with an inherited vulnerability to cancer. The nurse recognized a paternal family history of early-onset breast cancer and her ethnic legacy, Ashkenazi Jewish, together induced her risk of having a mutation in a breast cancer vulnerability gene. The nurse directed this woman to a cancer genetics professional. The proof points to not only a reduction in morbidity and possible mortality, but also to a health care saving of hundreds of dollars per life year as an outcome of the nurse’s activity (Calzone et al., 2010). Annually, about 180,000 to 250,000 people in the United States will bear a sudden cardiac death. The nurses informed in genetics can aid people prevent sudden cardiac death. A cardiac echocardiogram was carried out by a cardiovascular advanced practice nurse (APN) on a patient who told the story about many family members who had died unexpectedly from a heart attack. Attracted, the APN obtained a family history and shared it with one of the cardiologists. Over a few years, the APN collected a broad many generation family history that comprised members situated in many states and many countries and found that many had died in their teens and early adult years. The family took part in a research study and final the gene and disease specific mutations were recognized. The women later arranged her appointment with a cardiologist. Over an eight-year period, she had an implantable cardioverter defibrillator placed, which cardioverted her on two different instances, proceeded by two ablatio n surgeries for atrial fibrillation. Later, the woman was pregnant with her first child. She described that her pregnancy was possible because of the APN’s genetic proficiency and close supervision, education of other health care professionals participating in the woman’s prenatal care, and her direction and support throughout the pregnancy. In this family, the APN had prevented the premature death of many at risk family members by attending to and also inquiring into a family history over ten years (Calzone et al., 2010). In preconception and prenatal backgrounds, nurses have a chance to help families ready for a child with a genetic situation. Congenital malformations are the main cause of infant death in the United States. A 48-year-old woman recollected her episodes with the birth and later death of her two children with distinctive chromosome disorders. She differed her fierce suffer with her first baby to her dramatically better encounter 10 years later with her second baby. When the woman was 30 years old, she got a call at work from the obstetrician’s office that her genetic screen was abnormal. A follow-up amniocentesis showed that her growing baby had Edwards syndrome. The woman selected to carry on her pregnancy. When her daughter was born, the mother felt very little assistance from the physicians and nurses. She described them as a task directed and very clinical. When she was released home with her baby the mother felt left behind by the health care system; her only contact with he alth care professionals being her baby’s pediatrician, who had never cared for a child with this disease during his 20 years of service. After around ten years, the woman got to be pregnant with her child. Because of her age and history of having a previous child with a chromosome disorder, as a reassurance, the woman selected to have an amniocentesis. However, the results showed she was pregnant with a male fetus who had Patau syndrome. In comparison to her preceding experience, she was directed to a pediatric hospice service. The nurses’ and physicians’ skill about Patau syndrome and the expected clinical course was reassured to the woman. The nurse made sure all labor and delivery, and postnatal staff were informed about Patau syndrome and aware of the expected birth as well as the plan for relief attention. The nurse kept up touch with the woman during the pregnancy and gave hospice care during the woman’s son’s 12-week life span (Calzone et al ., 2010). Conclusion Evidence based practice in nursing is based on the idea that medical practices need to be adapted and amended based on the continuing cycle of evidence, theory and research. As the research continues new issues were found and theories are developed forcing changes in practice. Genetic engineering involves manipulation of the organisms genome utilizing biotechnology. Nurses work close to the patient more than any other healthcare professional. Due to the same reason nurses could easily observe the changes in patients. Evidences show nurses who have the proper knowledge in genetics could save many lives and improve a patients quality of life. Therefore educating and training nurses and keeping them up-to-date with the latest technological advances will be an addition to the overall healthcare. Reference Calzone, K. A., Cashion, A., Feetham, S., Jenkins, J., Prows, C. A., Williams, J. K., Wung, S. F. (2010). Nurses transforming health care using genetics and genomics. Nursing Outlook, 58(1), doi: 10.1016/j.outlook.2009.05.001 Duke University Medical Center Library. (2013, December 06). What is evidence-based practice (ebp)? . Retrieved from http://guides.mclibrary.duke.edu/content.php?pid=431451sid=3529499 Lea, D. H. (2008). Genetic and genomic healthcare: Ethical issues of importance to nurses. The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 13(1) National Human Genome Research Institute. (2007, November). ELSI research program. Retrieved from www.genome.gov/10001618 The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. (2013). Genetic engineering. Retrieved from http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Genetic manipulation

Bums :: essays research papers

Bums are cool dfsjhfajks hthalksjhaf jkshf sldjfhajeklrh tja hsjdfhajrhl jhsdfjashjhwreuisdhjcsbdr awejfhsadhr wsfhfajrej fsudyfjweb hcvszlhjwerhf jsnf Viewing an erupting volcano is a memorable experience; one that has inspired fear, superstition, worship, curiosity, and fascination throughout the history of mankind. The active Hawaiian volcanoes have received special attention worldwide because of their frequent spectacular eruptions, which can be viewed and studied with a relative ease and safety. The island of Hawaii is composed of five volcanoes, three of which have been active within the past two hundred years. Kilauea’s latest eruption still continues as of today. Mauna Loa’s latest activity was in 1984 and Hualalai’s in 1800-1801, but is likely to erupt again within the next one hundred years. East Maui, or Haleakala, one of the oldest volcanoes, has a long eruptive history and recent activity indicates that the volcano will erupt in the near future. Las t but not least, the Loihi Seamount, sometimes known as the â€Å"youngest volcano† is an undersea mountain this is still active. Scientists now believe that the hot spots lie in the ocean, deep beneath the volcanoes. These hot spots spew out of molten rock that rises to the water’s surface and hardens. After doing this for a long time, the hardened lava forms an island, like the Hawaiian islands (Volcanoes Online). The Kilauea volcano is one of the most active volcanoes on earth. It’s current eruption started in January 1983, and there is no signs that the current eruption is slowing or will come to an end anytime soon. The U.S. Geological Observatory monitors the daily activities of the volcano, for example-movement of lava flows, earthquakes, surface deformation, and gas production. Kilauea has been monitored ever since, making it one of the better-studied volcanoes. Still there is much we don’t understand about the inner workings of this volcano. Unlike most other volcanoes though, Kilauea is approachable. It has been called the â€Å"drive up† volcano because of the ease of access to many of its volcanic activity. On February 24, 2000, an article came out, which was entitled Breakouts result from tube blockages. It stated: The intrusion of magma into the upper east rift zone of Kilauea on February 23 caused minor but noticeable changes in the opening eruption. Lava continued to enter the tube system at Pu’u’O’o, but blockages in the tube above the pali resulted in many breakouts on the active flow field.

Asian History: Review Essay

A. Describe the influence of Chinese culture on Heian Japan. In the Taika and Nara, Japanese peaked in their selective borrowing from Chinese culture. In 646, the Japanese tried to introduce the Taika Reforms, to change the imperial administration to resemble the Chinese(thought it had little effect in Heian Period).Previously, Japanese scholars tried mastering Chinese characters and wrote dynastic histories like those used by emperors in China. In the Heian period, Japanese consciousness grew and Chinese influence was reduced to a minimum. B. Describe Court Life during the Heian period Court Life during the Heian period is like the life of elites in America. Social status was most important, love affairs were common, and gossip was abundant. The members of imperial households and leading aristocratic families lived in a complex of palaces and gardens which the Japanese saw as most appealing. There were artificial lakes and fine gardens in every courtiers living quarters. Writing verse and poems were valued art types and were full of Japanese Classics and Chinese allusions. C. What led to the decline of imperial power within Japan? While the emperor was goofing off, aristocratic families were trying to run the imperial bureaucracy and create the most influence. One of them, the Fujiwara held quite a bit of influence over the imperial affairs, with many members of their family in the upper administration as well as increased marriage of Fujiwaras into the imperial family. All these aristocratic families whittled down imperial control and replaced it with their control. Buddhist monasteries tried to do rise in power as well, creating secret texts and ceremonies to bring cooperation between them and the court aristocrats. D. How did the rise of provincial warrior elites change Japanese Institutions? The rise of provincial warrior elites drastically changed Japanese institutions. As the imperial government gradually lost control, elite families created small fortresses where the Bushi, warrior leaders created a mini state inside. This created much crime and conflict, which in turn created a new warrior class, the samurai. The samurai lived by a code of family honor and death rather than defeat. All these factors created a feudal type order that replaced the weakened imperial administration. E. Describe social, political, and economical institutions during the Bafuku Age. The Bafuku Age was a military government that was established by the Minamoto after they defeated the Taira house. The leader of Minamoto after the victory was an unfit leader who weakened the Minamoto power. After a few equally bad successors, the Minamoto was dominated by the Hojo family who was content with allowing the Minamoto to be the face of the formal rulers. This created a three tiered system where the Hojo had real power, and manipulated the Minamoto who claimed to rule in the name of the emperor at Kyoto. In early 14th century the Minamoto tried to replace the Kamukura regime with their own regime, resulting in conflicts with the exiled emperor and the Minamoto. After this, civil and political strife was rampant and the collapse of centralized authority led to more conflict which ended with a division of Japan into many little kingdoms. F. To what extent did Vietnam and Korea accept and reject Chinese influences? The Koreans were able to resist Chinese control in the beginning, but after the fall of the Han and Koguryo, a wave of sinification began. Buddhism was the link between China and Korea and the Koreans adored the Buddhist art and buildings. Chinese writing and a unified law code like that of Han China was introduced. Universities were established so Korean youths could try learning the Confucian classics. The ruler tried to establish a Chinese style bureaucracy not unlike the Taika Reforms, but was rejected by the noble families and thus never happened. The Vietnamese put up more resistance than the Koreans because of their desire to hold onto their own identity and the fear of becoming part of China. They did trade with the Chinese but kept much of their own language and culture distinct. When Han China began to take over Vietnam, the elite of Vietnam allowed the agents of the Chinese regime to integrate Chinese culture into Vietnam. The usual sinification began that was not unlike Korea’s. There were sporadic revolts by Vietnamese aristocracy and ultimately frustrated the Chinese hope to assimilate their culture into the Vietnamese. G. Which classes and institutions were largely sinified in Korea and Vietnam? In Korea, the scholars and elites were mostly sinified. Although the peasantry did incorporate some parts of Buddhism into their lives, the elites and educated were mostly sinified; they made Chinese type bureaucracies and assimilating both the language and culture of Buddhism into their lives. In Vietnam, the lower class and higher class were more equally sinified than in Korea. The lower class adopted agricultural techniques to make Vietnam a heavy producer of agriculture. The Upper class took in political and military organization to help improve their fight against the neighboring countries. Schools were also built to educate the youth in Chinese scripts and made exams to qualify administration posts. H. How did Korea and Vietnam maintain political independence from China? Korea maintained political independence from China by the Koguryo resisting the invasion than seizing control when the Chinese control weakened. The warriors of Koguryo were heavily resistant to the Chinese conquerors at first, but were routed when the Tang allied with the Silla and demolished the Paekche and finally ended the Koguryo. The Silla however began to have conflicts with the Chinese that ended with the Chinese leaving peninsula and the Silla being a vassal of China. Vietnam had always been resistant to the Chinese even thought they were constantly attacked and finally conquered by them. Their struggle for independence was fierce and many uprisings occurred throughout the country. When political turmoil and nomadic attacks occurred in China, the Vietnamese tried to assert their independence. This didn’t fully work and in the end, a massive rebellion when the Tang fell made the Vietnamese fully independent. Vocabulary: A. Taika Reforms: Reforms instituted in 646 that aimed to completely change the imperial administration to resemble the Chinese absolutist style emperor B. Heian Period: A period where Buddhist monks became increasingly bold and powerful that a clever prelate almost married the empress. After this ordeal, the emperor fled to Heian, a new capital city and forbade any monasteries to be built in the city (Though the monasteries found a way around it). The Taika reforms were later abandoned and the aristocratic families were reinstated. Time when Chinese influence was reduced C. Kami: Nature spirits, Japanese word for divinity D. Bushi: Warrior leaders who controlled mini fortresses and built up their own army of samurai E. Samurai: Mounted troops loyal to the local lords and not to the court or aristocracy F. Seppuku: Ritual disembowelment, part of the death rather than defeat/capture G. Bakufu: Military government, literally meaning tent in Japanese H. Shogun: military leaders, like a mini emperor but not entirely I. Daimyos: Another way of saying Bushi but this was when Japan was divided into 300 small kingdoms J. â€Å"Gatekeepers†: Scholar gentry of Chinese civlization K. Sinification: Adoption of Chinese culture L. Tribute states: Separate states that recognize and give tribute to another state had conquered them M. Kowtow: Showing respect by bowing down to someone, originated in China Document Analysis: A. What ideas in the documents are: 1. Chinese?-The Chinese poetry mentioned that was exchanged in the first paragraph. The mention of a (most likely) Chinese tale of an emperor who had a wizard bring him a comb from his lost love. The painting of the Chinese Lady and the instrumentalist Chung Tzu-Chi are also Chinese ideas. The battle scene has Han and Chu type swords in them, both likely were swords from a period in China. The last paragraph has mention of one’s â€Å"filial† duty, something that most likely originated from the filial piety of China. 2. Buddhist (Indian)?-The Karma and debt mention in the first paragraph are Buddhist ideas. The abbot mentioned in the second to last paragraph is implied to be one of a Buddhist monastery. 3. Japanese?- The emperor concluded that the boy should be named either Minamoto or Genji, both Japanese clans. 4. Vietnamese?- The thought in the first document that the girl should not shirk her debt of grief to fate hints that she should remain strong, a Vietnam type development B. How are the documents similar? Different? The documents are similar in that they mention similar things. They show the influence of another country and of Buddhism. The changes brought by these influences are also shown. The documents are different in that the Tale of Genji has a female character which can suggest that females had more privileges in Japan. The Tale of Kieu shows more influence from many different states then in the Tale of Genji, which shows just one. C. What would account for the differences? The proximity with which the origin of the documents could have something to do with the influence it receives from neighboring states. Vietnam and Korea would show more influence from each other and China whereas Japan would have less because it is separated by ocean. D. How would you summarize the degree of Sinification of neighboring cultures? Korea received and kept a good amount of the culture of China. To this very day they have a similar culture and characters in writing. Vietnam did get some culture/technology from China but mostly rejected the idea. Japan received Chinese culture very well at first, but during the Heian Period, they rejected it. E. How have the Vietnamese and Japanese maintained their cultural identities? They resisted heavily against the Chinese and were able to keep their culture relatively untainted. After independence, they were able to nurture it with only a little bit of Chinese influence that was left over. Photo Essays: A. Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese cultures are syncretic blends of foreign and indigenous cultural elements. Identify these elements in the above photos: 1. Chinese- The first photo in pg 286 shows the influence of Buddhism, which, though Indian, was transferred by China. The photo in pg 290 shows a painting in a Chinese style with buildings with ceiling most likely made with tiles, a Chinese development. In pg 291, the art style, like in pg 290, is a Chinese type style. The landscape painting in pg 298 is a Chinese style with a little excerpt in Chinese in the top left corner. The photo on the right shows a Chinese building type with a curved roof. The photos afterwards show little if not zero Chinese influence/cultural elements. 2. Buddhist- The photo in pg 286 shows a Buddhist temple and garden. In pg 290 there is evidence of a garden in the background, which is a Buddhist development. In pg 291 there is also evidence of a garden. In pg 298, the Golden Pavilion is built with a curved tile roof, showing a stress of the simplicity in Zen Buddhism. The photos afterward show no Buddhist cultural elements. 3. Indigenous elements-The many open hallways in pg 286 show a Japanese touch to a construction that is both Chinese and Buddhist. The painting in 290 and 291 show a Japanese element in the trees (indigenous to Japan) and the highly decorated style of dress. The pitcher in pg 301, shows a nearly uniform Korean culture, since neither Chinese nor Buddhist pottery looks like this. In pg 304, there is a painting of the samurai, something only found in Japan. B. Compare and contrast western European and Japanese feudal military societies. Japan and European feudalism had a set of values that embraced most of the people in the system. They also had highly militaristic and many times went through long centuries of warfare from the feudal loyalties and rivalries. Both had virtues or codes that their warriors lived by. Feudalism also left both with a lasting effect, where the warrior class would outlast feudalism and run rampant throughout the country. In Europe however, the feudal system was based on contracts with each other whereas in Japan they relied more heavily on group loyalties. Europe also had parliamentary institutions unlike Japan, who had less institutionalized group thought. C. Compare and contrast the religious architectures of the Christians, Shinto, Buddhists, and Muslims. What elements are universal and transcendental, and which are local, ethnic, or particular to an individual society? Shrines and temples were common in all of these religions. They were all used by worshippers and were uniformly sacred. Buddhists had more gardens and aesthetic qualities. Shinto stressed that there should be simplicity and had curved roofs made by tiles. Christians had large stone churches that were huge in comparison to the other type of architectures. Muslim architecture was huge but not as much as Christians.

Pharmaceutical Companies

Questions for Review 1. Pharmaceutical companies do have a responsibility to distribute drugs for a low cost in developing and poorer countries. Africa’s GDP, and per capita income is very low so they cannot afford to buy top quality medicines. One main argument for this approach is the AIDS epidemic in Africa. A main argument against this is that the treatment for AIDS is very expensive to provide to a whole country for free. 2. The principal arguments of pharmaceutical companies that oppose making exceptions to IPR law for developing countries are national treatment that is equal of foreign and domestic nationals.Most-favored-nation treatment and the equal treatment of all WTO members. Also, technological progress. One last argument is how to provide adequate protection for this, and enforcing it. The arguments by NGOs and others to relax IPR laws are to end trade pressure on poor countries in health care industry disputes. 3. I would expect South Africa’s decision to levy duties on drug imports from western nations to have a negative impact on the international distribution of drugs to South Africa. If it is already expensive and hard to get drugs to AIDS patients in Africa, making them more expensive will not help. .In my opinion, I feel like this was an appropriate change of policy because it did lower prices on drugs. Some negative ramifications of this resolutions is that the price wouldn’t drop low enough. 5. I do not think it was necessary to relax IPR rules in order to ensure that adequate supplies of AIDS medications would be available for distribution in the developing world because the US took initiative to fix high drug prices and low-quality health infrastructures. 6. MNC’s have an ethical responsibility in providing funding to international organizations like the global fund to help cure AIDS

Free Essays on Cullturall Diversity

Free Essays on Cullturall Diversity Cultural Diversity By: Norm Pervis Doing Business in the Middle East Presently Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen are the 14 nations in the Middle East. The majority of Middle Easterners share in common the Arab culture, language and religion. It is especially important to take note of the Islamic belief. "Islam means the act of giving one's self to God or Allah" (Harris the others are from other Gulf countries, Pakistan, Iran and India. Although English is widely understood, Arabic is the official language. Most Emirates, approximately 96%, are Sunni Muslims (the remaining 4% are considered Hindu), and their paramount vi...

Successful Self-Pub Authors and Their First Books

Successful Self-Pub Authors and Their First Books 4 Successful Self-Published Authors Their Surprising Beginnings So what do a Martian, a BDSM obsessed CEO, a Harvard professor suffering from Alzheimer’s, and a subterranean city have in common?If you guessed that they’re all characters from originally self-published books, you’d be... correct.Today, these titles and characters are famous worldwide, and their authors are some of the most successful in the world. Their backstories are worth re-visiting, as these authors all come from a range of backgrounds. In fact, the only thing they share is a desire to write- and the decision to self-publish. After achieving so much success through the self-publishing model, is it any wonder that Howey is now a champion of all indie authors? "Self-publishing is the future," Howey wrote in an op-ed for Salon, "And it's great for writers.†Were any of these stories new to you? Share your favorite self-published author’s backstory in the comments below! Surprise us.

Definition of Chinese Exclusion Act

Definition of Chinese Exclusion Act The Chinese Exclusion Act was the first United States law to restrict immigration of a specific ethnic group. Signed into law by President Chester A. Arthur in 1882, it was a response to a nativist backlash against Chinese immigration to the American West Coast. The law was passed after a campaign against Chinese workers, which included violent assaults. A faction of American workers felt that the Chinese provided unfair competition, claiming they were brought into the country to provide cheap labor. Chinese Workers Arrived During the Gold Rush The discovery of gold in California in the late 1840s created a need for workers who would perform grueling and often dangerous work for low wages. Brokers working with mine operators began to bring Chinese laborers to California, and in the early 1850s as many as 20,000 Chinese workers arrived each year. By the 1860s the Chinese population constituted a considerable number of workers in California. It was estimated that approximately 100,000 Chinese males were in California by 1880. A series of economic downturns in the 1870s created an atmosphere in which Chinese workers were blamed for the loss of work by white, generally immigrant, laborers. A financial crisis that began in 1873 with the collapse of a prominent New York City bank, Jay Cooke and Company, rippled through the economy and hit California. Up to that point, railroad construction had been booming in the West. In the railroad business, Chinese workers had earned a reputation for taking on difficult and often very dangerous labor. The railroad companies openly discriminated against the Chinese in some ways, such as not allowing them to attend the ceremony when the golden spike was driven to make the completion of the transcontinental railroad. But the railroads relied on Chinese labor. The banking collapse in the east put an end to railroad construction in California, and in the mid-1870s many thousands of Chinese workers were suddenly idled. As they sought other work, white workers began to bitterly complain that they were taking their jobs. Hard Times Led to Violence With competition for work, the situation became tense and often violent. American workers, many of them Irish immigrants, felt they were at an unfair disadvantage as the Chinese were willing to work for very low pay in dismal conditions. The Chinese were also targeted as they tended to be far outside the mainstream of American society. They tended to live in enclaves which became known as Chinatowns. They often didnt wear American clothing, and few learned English. They were seen as very different than European immigrants, and were generally mocked as being inferior. Economic downturns in the 1870s led to job losses and wage cuts. White workers blamed the Chinese and persecution of Chinese workers accelerated. A mob in Los Angeles killed 19 Chinese in 1871. Other incidents of mob violence occurred throughout the 1870s. In 1877 an Irish-born businessman in San Francisco, Denis Kearney, formed the Workingmans Party of California. Though ostensibly a political party, similar to the Know-Nothing Party of earlier decades, it also functioned as an effective pressure group focused on anti-Chinese legislation. Kearneys group succeeded in attaining political power in California, and began to be considered the real opposition party to the Republican Party. Making no secret of his racism, Kearney referred to Chinese laborers as Asiatic pests. Anti-Chinese Legislation Appeared in Congress In 1879 the U.S. Congress, spurred on by activists such as Kearney, passed a law known as the 15 Passenger Act. It would have limited Chinese immigration, but President Rutherford B. Hayes vetoed it. The objection Hayes voiced to the law was that it violated the 1868 Burlingame Treaty the United States had signed with China. In 1880 the United States negotiated a new treaty with China that would allow some immigration restrictions. And new legislation, which became the Chinese Exclusion Act, was drafted. The new law suspended Chinese immigration for ten years, and also made Chinese citizens ineligible to become American citizens. The law was challenged by Chinese workers, but was held to be valid. And it was renewed in 1892, and again in 1902, when the exclusion of Chinese immigration was made indefinite. The Chinese Exclusion Act was finally repealed by Congress in 1943, at the height of World War II. Sources: Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. Gale Encyclopedia of American Law, edited by Donna Batten, 3rd ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2010, pp. 385-386. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. U.S. Immigration and Migration Reference Library, edited by Lawrence W. Baker, et al., vol. 5: Primary Sources, UXL, 2004, pp. 75-87. Gale Virtual Reference Library.

Apple vs. Windows Operating Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Apple vs. Windows Operating Systems - Essay Example The two most common operating systems in today’s market include Windows and Apple. In spite of the numerous advantages of Apple OS, Windows has far better features, is more user friendly and therefore is the better of the two options. Apple computers introduced its first working operating system in June 1978 known as Apple DOS 3.1. When using apple OS it is possible for one to run other operating system on it such as windows as suggested by Pejrolo (57). Therefore, one can choose and install an OS such as window 7 in a Mac computer and run anything related to it at same time. This implies how flexible the Apple operating system is compared to others such as the windows. Though Apple OS may be infected by viruses their level of getting such is less compared to that of Windows. Apple OS is well designed with an excellent visual appeal and a high-head feel. Apple also provides its customers with an Apple Store where one can take his/her if anything wrong happens with it then it g ets fixed. The OS also comes with a limited number of reliable programs such as iLife, iWeb, iMovie and iDVD. In addition to this, Apple products usually work best with each other. Apple benefits from its intellectual property and it is highly depended on it. Apple Operating system also has some disadvantages such as small software base as opposed to windows. It also misses some features which are usually basic with Windows operating system. Apple operating system is best suited for professional users as opposed to the general user or novice in IT. This is because the software has features and terms which may not be self explanatory, quite unlike Window’s. Windows operating system is usually user-oriented and tightly integrated compared to the Apple operating systems. Windows Operating system possesses a right mouse button which improves the efficiency of the operating system. It also has an automated validation process referred to as Windows Genuine Advantage which is integr ated with other Microsoft operating system products. Furthermore, the Windows Genuine Advantage (WGA) updates the current windows installed together with its licence key despite the hardware used. Due to this validation process the Windows OS user has to undergo series of validation systems before being authorised to install updates and other releases of the software. This way the WGA provides security to the Windows operating system. Windows OS is usually faster and easier to work with as one is able to work with their PC in whichever way they want to. It is designed in a manner that it can be well-matched with a large combination of hardware. Due to its compatibility with hardware, windows OS has become the best system for the wide range of computing services according to Freeman (38). Windows OS also provides its software manufacturers’ with a wider user base. As a result most of the software available in the market is designed so as to run basically with Windows. While va rious applications are capable of being installed in various OS, majority of them can only apply in one operating system and Windows is the most preferred due to its compatibility. Windows also offers a wide range of opportunities to its users such as windows process activation service, application recovery and also mandatory integrity. As a result, this OS has become widely used in all types of environments. Furthermore, the software is cheaper in cost compared to Apple, the more reason it has remained a favourite for most

Antigone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Antigone - Essay Example He is a greedy king of Thebes that wants to have much money. He disrespects women especially Antigone that he distastes very much. Creon put Antigone in the tomb to starve to death. By state and gender, Creon has the superior position of making almost the decisions for the entire city while Antigone serves as a subordinate and follower. During the burial of Polyneices, the two show different ideas that are based on similar motives of the power struggle. In this burial occasion, the author portrays a conflict of the state and the family obligations (Sophocles, and Ian C. Johnston. 23). The audience can see that mindsets of these characters are same. In spite of having conflicting opinions, their motives coincide always rather than collide. In fact, it is an arrogant sense of pride that propels the motives of these characters behind their respective opinions. Antigone is ready to defy the rules of Creon to honor the burial obligations of the family. She believes it is her role to preside over the burial and in this regard she does not want to let go of her sense of the pride in honor of Creon rules. In conclusion, both characters die out of their arrogant pride towards one another. However, the death of Antigone is more tragic. Antigone dies a victim of her own hubris as well as the hubris of Creon. Surely, if the two characters had let go of their arrogant pride they would not have a tragic death. On the other hand, if they had been destined to die in that manner nobody would have changed it. Fate cannot be obstructed

Antigone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Antigone - Essay Example He is a greedy king of Thebes that wants to have much money. He disrespects women especially Antigone that he distastes very much. Creon put Antigone in the tomb to starve to death. By state and gender, Creon has the superior position of making almost the decisions for the entire city while Antigone serves as a subordinate and follower. During the burial of Polyneices, the two show different ideas that are based on similar motives of the power struggle. In this burial occasion, the author portrays a conflict of the state and the family obligations (Sophocles, and Ian C. Johnston. 23). The audience can see that mindsets of these characters are same. In spite of having conflicting opinions, their motives coincide always rather than collide. In fact, it is an arrogant sense of pride that propels the motives of these characters behind their respective opinions. Antigone is ready to defy the rules of Creon to honor the burial obligations of the family. She believes it is her role to preside over the burial and in this regard she does not want to let go of her sense of the pride in honor of Creon rules. In conclusion, both characters die out of their arrogant pride towards one another. However, the death of Antigone is more tragic. Antigone dies a victim of her own hubris as well as the hubris of Creon. Surely, if the two characters had let go of their arrogant pride they would not have a tragic death. On the other hand, if they had been destined to die in that manner nobody would have changed it. Fate cannot be obstructed

Research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Research Paper Example d.). Have we enough resources to feed them all and to give them a comfortable life is the burning question since the last century. Fortunately the concern to answer this question is increasing day by day. Not only the demographers, economists and the qualified scholars are trying hard to answer it but the layman in the street is quibbling about it in the hope to find a clear picture of the whole situation. Wiraj and John are two students studying in an American University. John is the native so he represents the thoughts and ideas of the developed world while Wiraj is a Sudanese student belonging to one of the poorest countries of the world. Thus the debate becomes interesting as both of them unveil the two extreme existing conditions of the world in which the people are living. John: Hello Wiraj , how are you ? Remember the last time we met and talked about overpopulation and scarcity of resources, you were of the opinion that the misuse of the resources and not the overpopulation g enerating the scarcity. I was not able to refute you as I was not well prepared but now I have done my homework and I can prove that over population is the main cause of all our problems. You know that after the agricultural and industrial revolution the human population increased dramatically. The main causes were better medical facilities and better sanitation conditions. The death rate decreased and the mortality rate among the new born was also lowered down thus increasing the number of people inhibiting the earth. This growing population used the natural resources that were present everywhere in abundance. Take the example of coal, in 17th century the people used to pick coal from the surface of the earth. Now we have to dig deep to get it. It is hard to believe that your country is suffering from all kinds of problems due to overpopulation and you are not facing the facts. Tell me honestly what do you think is the main difference between America and Sudan. Let me give you some rough estimation, the average annual income in Sudan is 266.35$ while in America it is 33,070.30$(NationMaster. n. d.). it mean in Sudan people are living below poverty line. Wiraj: I think the main difference is that in Sudan we lack good governance. Our leaders are usually corrupt and incompetent. We never have a stable government as there is so much diversity of racial, religious and ethnical groups that it is hard to harness them under one power. Moreover we have a long history of colonial slavery. In 1956 we got independence from British Empire. Then we have our first civil war which lasted for almost seventeen years. The second civil war is fought for six years. You can imagine the excessive waste of all types of resources and also more than one million people died in these wars (Sudanese stories, n. d.). John: My God, if those one million people would have been living and producing more children what would be the condition of your country? Wiraj: My father says that every ch ild brings one mouth to feed but two hands to work. Our people think that the children are their strength and will support them in their old age. We still have joint family system in our country. Don’t you think that this individual living style is a waste of resources, the separate houses, the separate cars and the separate property? John: I can’

Land law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Land law - Essay Example Over a period of time she gained ascendancy over him. Her action against him was set aside as she failed to disprove this presumption (Re Craig , 1971). In Dunbar Bank plc v. Nadeem, the bank provided a mortgage loan to the couple in their joint names. In the trial court it was held that there had been undue influence brought to bear on the wife, as she had not made any contribution to the purchase, but all the same she was being held jointly liable with her husband. The appellate court set aside this judgment and ruled that she had not suffered any disadvantage and as she had failed to establish undue influence (Dunbar Bank plc v. Nadeem , 1998 ). The courts of equity, in their role of a court of conscience, initiated undue influence as a basis for the obtention of relief. To this end the courts endeavour to determine the underlying reason for entering into a transaction. In all cases, where the cause proves to be objectionable, the transaction will be rescinded. From the perspective of equity, undue influence occurs in the following cases. If there are threats or other overtly improper or intimidating acts and if the relationship between the parties accords to one of them a superior position, which is exploited by that party to the detriment of the other party. In O’Brien, the House of Lords specified the measures to be adopted by a bank, in order to avoid the ill effect of a husband’s undue influence, while granting loans to a couple. The outcome of this decision was that a contract could become unenforceable if one of the parties to the contract had done so as a consequence of a third party’s transgression (Barclays Bank v. OBrien, 1993). In Etridge it was held that it was the duty of the bank to take all such reasonable steps as would ensure that the wife should be properly apprised of the consequences of the transaction that she was about to enter into. To this end an

Fashion as Base in Involvement in Understanding Consumers Essay

Fashion as Base in Involvement in Understanding Consumers - Essay Example The paper "Fashion as Base in Involvement in Understanding Consumers" is the report understanding consumer behavior using purchase-decision involvement scale proposed by Mittal. What is involvement as far as purchase decision is considered? A consumer has some inherent needs values and interests and the object of consideration has to have relevance within that framework. Often the involvement is of two types, one is situational which happens when some one has to purchase the item right then and has to make a purchase decision. There is another more enduring form in which the buyer maintains the level of interest in a product or a service , well after the situation has passed and endures even if the purchase situation does not exist. The purchase decision involvement involves four parties, the individual definitely, the product or the service class , the situation and the communication. The scale which Mittal has proposed at a high level of enduring involvement the product or service would have many attributes evaluated with compensatory decision models a narrow latitude of acceptance and a true brand loyalty. At the low end of the scale attributes are less important, the decision model is non compensatory and a wide latitude of acceptance and spurious brand loyalty. Again on the high end of the scale you have substantive messages on why the brand is what it is on the low end , the ads have little substance. Ads are fewer on the high end and frequent ads on the low end. Price is less important.

Sales Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sales Management - Essay Example Sales ethics has received a great amount of attention and care since sales persons are required to demonstrate at their best at all times. Sales ethics is deemed as an oxymoron but this is not really the case. Ethics and sales management are inter-linked because the sales people are responsible for maintaining ethical and moral obligations which would form the basis of success in an organization. This is also dependent on the sales management regimes where focus is on making sales through proper measures and undertakings. This paper shall study the basis of sales ethics being an oxymoron or otherwise, however the emphasis is on understanding that sales ethics can bring in the results that are envisaged of it in the long run. Ethics – Defined Before moving ahead any further, it is of paramount significance to comprehend that ethics shall always take into consideration the moral ground or the real basis through which actions and behaviors are done. This is indeed something that goes down well with the stakeholders and finds the best way to move forward with them. Ethics shall always comprise of the different ways and means through which behaviors are measured and actions are gauged. What exactly are the Sales Ethics Understandings? The ethical discussions within the quarters of sales come about in an apparent manner when the talk of retailers and customers is done. This is because they are the ones for whom the entire process of sales is carried out. It is the philosophical study related with the moral value of conduct of the human beings as well as the very rules and principles which form the covering behind the same. Sales ethics is all about decision-making, as it decides the good and the bad under the aegis of making a sale or devising strategies to induce sales. It is a fact that sales ethics deals with the norms that come directly under the ethical bases as dictated by any society of the world1. The only difference however from the ethical debates is that there is more business related inputs in sales ethics than in any other place. It would be correct to state that the sales ethics is being governed by morality within business more than anything else. It is for this reason that sales ethics is the talk of the town as far as the business circles are concerned. The topic of sales ethics is receiving a lot of attention these days because it has meant so much for the business regimes. They have focused a great deal on the incorporation of sales ethics within their business processes, actions and behaviors. Comprehending the True Role of Sales Behavior Specifically speaking, sales ethics is derived from the sales management organizations which are doing their best to remain clean from a business standpoint. Their activities are being closely judged by employees, the stakeholders, other competitors and indeed the entire related industrial realms. For this matter, sales ethics holds a lot of significance for the business under consid eration because it pinpoints the basis of growth and development for an organization in terms of its ethical manifestations2. No matter how large or small the decisions are with regards to the business, the sales ethics premise receives criticism as much as applause if there is less or more ethical incorporation within the related realms. For this reason, sales ethics is now being seen as the most contemporary form of sales behavior which is on the round these days. It has to its credit quite a few instances which have been discussed by business management gurus and professionals within their working circles. Sales ethics is for the benefit of all concerned – the company, the employees and the customers in essence. It is always a good endeavor to have as much

Fashion as Base in Involvement in Understanding Consumers Essay

Fashion as Base in Involvement in Understanding Consumers - Essay Example The paper "Fashion as Base in Involvement in Understanding Consumers" is the report understanding consumer behavior using purchase-decision involvement scale proposed by Mittal. What is involvement as far as purchase decision is considered? A consumer has some inherent needs values and interests and the object of consideration has to have relevance within that framework. Often the involvement is of two types, one is situational which happens when some one has to purchase the item right then and has to make a purchase decision. There is another more enduring form in which the buyer maintains the level of interest in a product or a service , well after the situation has passed and endures even if the purchase situation does not exist. The purchase decision involvement involves four parties, the individual definitely, the product or the service class , the situation and the communication. The scale which Mittal has proposed at a high level of enduring involvement the product or service would have many attributes evaluated with compensatory decision models a narrow latitude of acceptance and a true brand loyalty. At the low end of the scale attributes are less important, the decision model is non compensatory and a wide latitude of acceptance and spurious brand loyalty. Again on the high end of the scale you have substantive messages on why the brand is what it is on the low end , the ads have little substance. Ads are fewer on the high end and frequent ads on the low end. Price is less important.

1.Since Country A has a higher GDP than Country B then this must mean Essay - 2

1.Since Country A has a higher GDP than Country B then this must mean the residents of Country A are better off in terms of economic welfare. Discuss - Essay Example GDP also shows the productivity of a nation. Countries like China and India have better GDP rate compared to U.S. as per the latest studies. The recent television reports has shown that the American secret agency has submitted a report to the Bush government that India and China will become super powers within 20 years. â€Å"The monetary value of all the finished goods and services produced within a countrys borders in a specific time period, though GDP is usually calculated on an annual basis. It includes all of private and public  consumption, government outlays, investments and exports less imports that occur within a defined territory. From the above definition it is clear that if a country produces maximum finished goods within a time span (normally 1 year) the GDP will increases. From the above equation it is clear that GDP will increase when the consumer spending, government spending and sum of country’s business spending increases. The GDP will also increase when exports exceeds the imports (NX value). Now we can try to analyze GDP a little more deeply by studying the GDP rate of two countries; one with higher GDP rate and another with lower GDP rate. GDP incorporates many of the economic indicators of a country such as retail sales, personal consumption and wholesale inventories etc. â€Å"The general consensus is that 2.5-3.5% per year growth in real GDP is the range of best overall benefit; enough to provide for corporate profit and jobs growth yet moderate enough to not incite undue inflationary concerns. If the economy is just coming out of recession, it is  OK for the GDP figure to jump into th e 6-8% range briefly, but investors will look for the long-term rate to stay near the 3% level. The general definition of an economic recession is two consecutive quarters of negative GDP growth, which last occurred in the United States in 2001.  (Ryan Barnes). GDP is concerned with the region in which income is generated. It is the market value of

A SWOT Analysis Of PTCL Systems

A SWOT Analysis Of PTCL Systems There is no skimpy competitor of PTCL in landline but with the growth of telecommunication business of Pakistan rivalry increasing specially in mobile phone sector. There are more then 800 million subscribers of cellular phone. There are 03 big players in mobile phone industry but 3 of them are the competitor of PTCL: Mobilink, Telenor, Warid Tel. Mobilink is the largest mobile phone company of Pakistan. Mobilink is currently having more then 31,958,597 users base which is the 36% of total cellular industry of Pakistan. Mobilink is basically challenging Ufone which is subsidiaries of PTCL. Telenor is another cell phone company it have 17,841,074 subscribers which is 20 % of total mobile industry. Warid Tel Waridtel is also providing cell phone services in Pakistan. Waridtel have more than 15,114,678 subscribers which are 17% of Pakistan mobile industry. NEW COMPETITORS Other than mobile land line PTCL is facing competition in F.W.T (Fixed Wireless Telephone) product market. Below are the main competitors. Telecard, World Call SWOT ANALYSIS OF PTCL Here I am giving my SWOT analysis of PTCL. I tried to use my keen observation in order to find the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. As it is very difficult for an internee to discuss with the employees of any organization about its weaknesses, moreover they are also not so much open in telling their strengths and opportunities. Where there is a company in operation it has to work in two kinds of environment i.e. The external environment and The internal environment of the company. For a company to avail maximum and avoid maximum, it has to know what it has to avail and what it has to avoid. The external environment has scanned by the management for any arising opportunities or any critical threats. The resources of a company constitute its strengths and weaknesses. External factors are broadly categorized into; Economic forces Social, cultural, demographic, and environmental forces Political, governmental and legal forces Technological forces Competitive forces etc Internal factors are; Marketing strength of firm Financial/Accounting resources Management Computer information system Production/operations etc Why SWOT analysis A SWOT Analysis is conducted by the company so that it is able to position itself to take advantage of particular opportunities in the environment and to avoid or minimize environmental threats. In doing so, the organization attempts to emphasize its strengths and moderate the impact of weaknesses. The analysis is also useful for uncovering strengths that have not been fully utilized and in identifying weaknesses that can be corrected. Matching information about the environment with the organizations capabilities enables management to formulate realistic strategies for attaining its goals. Strengths A professional management is running PTCL. PTCL Management is continuously allocating funds for new technology, enhancing knowledge pool, acquiring professionally skilled personnel and so many arrangements regarding meeting the requirements of rapidly changing environment. PTCL has the largest network coverage in the country including almost all the cities and their peripheries which others lack yet. The company has got a very vast and very strong infrastructure within the country based on the landline network PTCL is rich in assets as compared to others in the industry, as it possesses and owns all of its machinery, stations and places PTCL is the biggest data service in Pakistan home users. It provide dialup internet and also DSL services at low prices with unlimited download so PTCL by providing these services is getting its place in the market as a leader in data services providers. PTCL also provides the data services to other operators which include PIE (Pakistan Internet Exchange), DSL and provides domestic and international lease circuits. PTCL is offering many value added services to its home and corporate customers and which includes Toll Free 0800, UAN, UIN, VPN, and premium services 0900, voice messaging services (VMS). It has the largest no of employees in Pakistan. PTCL is providing its services in all over the Pakistan do it has large number of offices and telephone exchanges which contain large number of skilled and unskilled employees. It is also strengthen with state of the art technology. PTCL is keen to acquire new technologies to provide quality and valuable services to its customers. It provides maximum range of services. PTCL is the largest converged services carrier providing all telecommunication services from basic voice telephony to data, internet, video conferencing and carrier services and business all over the country. Weaknesses After the success and completion of Voluntary Separation Scheme (VSS), PTCL is facing shortage of the employees because some of the exchanges have been left non functional as all of the employees in those exchanges have opted the VSS and that had been approved after which the vacancies have not been filled yet. There is no job description at PTCL; the employees have made them at their own in the company among themselves. ERP department is under process of up gradation at presently which is costing a lot to the company in terms of both money and time as well. The clashes between new employees and the old regular employees affect the working of the company due to professional rivalry and discrimination. Reference check form is an important element of selection process of an employee, the company used reference check but there was no form designed for this purpose formally. PTCL is not providing customer services up to the mark. Poor customer services leads to customers dissatisfaction and cause disconnections which ultimately results in high mix rate. No company wants to have high churn rate. Opportunities PTCL has a vast network spread all over Pakistan. Due to its experience in the field of telecommunications and a trained workforce, PTCL has a great opportunity to do well in the deregulated scenario under the Etisalat Management. Privatization liberalization of IT sector. Wireless local loop (WLL) is the alternative for landline phone lines. PTCL has the great opportunity to expand its market through WLL base subscribers. PTCL has the great opportunity in data services. There is a great potential in data services market. Through proper segmenting the market, PTCL can explore new segments and can increase its business significantly. Threats Deregulations not only provide new opportunities but also pose some threats. Up till now PTCL is enjoying a monopoly in fix line telephony but after deregulation of telecom market PTCL is facing competition from other telecom companies. This may result in fall of traffic and revenue. Being a semi-government organization PTCL has direct effect of the political and domestic instability, which affects the working of the company. As government has permitted the reactivation of labor unions recently, it can be a serious threat to the company. The competitors of the company that are other telecom companies are well organized and well managed, they have their focus on the operations and on the competition in the market while PTCL is still under the process of reorganization and up-gradation. The company is facing new competitors, Wateen Telecom, in landline services which may offer a great competition to the company in landline and internet services in the country. Large number of disconnections has the greatest threats to PTCL. Which lowering the share of its prime business of land line phone. Conversion towards mobile. Increasing competitions between mobile companies resulting in better mobile packages. So its customers are switching towards mobile phones. New entrants in the markets. New companies are entering in voice and data services which can cause lowering the market share of the PTCL. Continuously decreasing call rates by mobile phone companies cause the low new connection rate. Because new customers preferring mobile phone instead of landline phones. Fiber optic damages are other threats to PTCL which cost a lot to the company. Recommendations No doubt PTCL financial results show a fair picture of its excellent performance over the year but it is not enough there are number of issues that need to be address in order to raise its performance and also to successfully face the challenges set by the globalization and rapidly changing economic world. On the basis of my experience I have put some recommendations and findings as under. I during the internship found out that there is poor staffing, some of the departments are over populated and some even dont have the number necessary to run the department. Customer services should be improved, that will help to improve customer satisfaction and results in low churn rate. PTCL should recheck its marketing strategies as currently very few people know the services offered by PTCL. It should install more billboards, use print and electronic Medias. Employees attitude and behavior towards work and customers must be improved as due to staff competition every individual customer is vital. Increase service offering at competitive and affordable rates. Minimize exposure to Governments (PTCL) revenue in the short term. Working environment should be improved by introducing good corporate culture in the organization so the employee satisfaction can be achieved, which results in low employee turnover. Coordination among the departments should be improved by introducing new practices through which department interact with each other properly. So they work together to achieve organizational goals. Strategies should be built by using proper market information, so the good strategies lead towards accomplishment of organizational goal efficiently. PTCL should also focus on WLL services which can be helpful in increasing its market size. PTCL should have more focus on data services which has the great potential and company has the sources to avail this opportunity. Proper segmentation should be done so the new segments can be explored and targeted. CONCLUSION PTCL is the largest telecommunications provider in Pakistan. The company maintains an important position in Pakistan as a communications provider to other telecom operators and corporate customers of the country. It has possible to be an instrumental agent in Pakistans economic growth. PTCL has laid an Optical Fiber Access system in the main urban centers of Pakistan and local loop services have started to be modernized and upgraded from copper to an optical network. PTCL have the monopoly in providing the Land-Line Telephone Connection in Pakistan and its playing its role magnificently. In current scenario PTCL has increases its Revenue quite dramatically and probably that as soon as this organization has become privatized it will flourish its revenue in better manner. PTCL should at once change its Finance upper level of chain of command and should stream line in the good manner. PTCL should also give confidence to the Billing On line system that each and every customer should have to pay his/her bill on line base. The system of E-PAYMENT which though survive in PTCL finance system but there is need of development in this facility. The image of PTCL being most important Telecom providing is not good in the eyes of ordinary customers particularly there are lot of complaints about including the bogus local calls in the monthly bills of various customers. PTCL should also give the detail of local calls made from any Land Line Number which would be provided in Micro level to the customer. Defective Telephone link should be Fault Free within 24 hours in order to maximize the Revenue, as Revenue of PTCL should give up at the cost of defective Telephone. PTCL should make Customer Care Centers in distant areas If I have to express my experience of internship in PTCL I would briefly say: PTCL is a good Organization in the way that anybody can join it for his/ her long-term career. Overall working environment is at ease. Management of branch cares a lot of its staff and considers them as the plus point of PTCL. The customers are entertained individually because customer is the king of all activities. Same kind of actions and attention is given to all the customers. Getting ideas for development from customer side is a new idea and that is working very well in PTCL. The customers are asked to fill a suggestion form and the standards of the organization are enhanced through them. In PTCL, all the activities are done on computers that enhance the organizations ability. I found my internship training at PTCL to be a very pleasing experience. The training was helpful because it helps me a lot to learn bout real life working environment.So far my learning is concerned; all the employees at branch were quite helpful. They helped me to understand the activities of an org to possible extent. Their good attitude gave me more self-confidence to learn more and to ask if I have any query in my mind.

Cell Phones :: essays research papers

Cell Phones!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What Causes Mobile Phone Radiation and How Does it Effect Your Body? Why is it so popular with young teenagers today? What problems do Mobile phones cause? Walking around in school to walking around at the shopping centre with your mobile phone may seem fashionable and trendy, but did you know that it might be causing you to get a cancer and brain damage threw lost of memory? . Many mobile phone holders do not realize it and it should be something everyone should be aware of. It may seem a bit unusually how a Mobile phone can cause a child or an adult to get cancer, but it is true. New evidence is growing fast about health risks from mobile phones – electromagnetic radiation. These devices can be used to make telephone calls from almost any country in the world to another.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are a growing number of unconfirmed reports of individuals whose health has been affected after chronic, frequent use of mobile phones, presumably from radiation effects on brain cells. There are two types of phones, one has the antenna mounted on the handset and the other has the antenna mounted on a separate transmitter or, if the telephone is installed in a vehicle, mounted on the roof or rear window. Communication between a mobile telephone and the nearest base station is achieved by the microwave emissions from the antenna. Concerns have been raised about the type of mobile telephone that has the antenna in the handset. In this case, the antenna is very close to the user's head during normal use of the telephone and there is concern about the level of microwave emissions to which the brain is being exposed. Media reports have claimed that up to 2/3 of the microwave emissions from hand- held mobile telephones may be absorbed in the user's head. Those telephones that have th e antenna mounted elsewhere are of no concern, since exposure levels decrease rapidly with increasing distance from the antenna also Cordless telephones, which need to be operated within about 20 meters of a base unit that is connected directly to the telephone system do not have any health concerns associated with their use because exposure levels are very low. There is no clear evidence in the existing scientific literature that the use of digital or analogue mobile telephones poses a long-term public health hazard.

Ray Bradbury’s There Will Come Soft Rains and James Tiptree Jr.s The L

Ray Bradbury’s "There Will Come Soft Rains" and James Tiptree Jr.'s "The Last Flight of Dr. Ain" - Probable Futures of our World Since the beginning of time mankind has predicted the end of the universe. From early Christians to science fiction authors of the 20th century, each generation has had its own vision of how life on earth will cease to exist. In earlier times though, most apocalyptic ideas consisted of the "hand of God," or God’s figures punishing humankind for its sins and ending human existence. However, in the mid-twentieth century many more scientific ideas of the apocalypse appeared. Ray Bradbury’s "There Will Come Soft Rains," which was published in 1950, is a post-nuclear apocalyptic tale. "The Last Flight of Dr. Ain," written in 1969 by James Tiptree Jr. is a story about the world ending due to biological terrorism. Amazingly, over 30 years since the publication of the latter, these ideas are currently two of the most prevalent thoughts on how the world will come to end. "There Will Come Soft Rains" illustrates the devastating effects of nuclear warfare. Bradbury’s use of vivid and poignant details to describe the end of world shows exactly how unforgiving nuclear weapons are. "The house stood alone in a city of rubble and ashes†¦. At night the city gave off a radioactive glow which could be seen for miles" (Bradbury 719). It is almost impossible to imagine this landscape appearing in real life; almost everything destroyed, and the buildings that are still standing left in shambles. Weapons of mass destruction, such as nuclear warheads, seem to have God-like powers. They can level an entire city in one swift blow, and whoever has possession of the most of them rules the world. In an instant everything is d... ...both be probable futures of our world. In the case of these two stories, science fiction and reality seem to almost overlap, and in a not too distant future they could become one. Bibliography Anthrax. 5 November 2001. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 30 November 2001. http://www.fda.gov/cber/vaccine/anthrax.htm Bradbury, Raymond Douglas. "There Will Come Soft Rains." The Prentice Hall Anthology of Science Fiction and Fantasy. Ed. Garyn G. Roberts. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2001. 718-722 "Bush Bioterrorism Funding Request Low, CDF Chief Says" Baltimore Sun. 30 November 2001. 30 November 2001. http://chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/bal-te.anthrax30nov30.story Tiptree Jr., James. "The Last Flight of Dr. Ain." The Prentice Hall Anthology of Science Fiction and Fantasy. Ed. Garyn G. Roberts. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2001. 915-921

American School System Essay

Schooling is compulsory for all children in the United States, but the age range for which school attendance is required varies from state to state. Most children begin elementary education with kindergarten (usually five to six years old) and finish secondary education with twelfth grade (usually eighteen years old). In some cases, pupils may be promoted beyond the next regular grade. Some states allow students to leave school between 14–17 with parental permission, before finishing high school; other states require students to stay in school until age 18. [19] Educational attainment in the United States, Age 25 and Over (2009)[20] EducationPercentage High school graduate86. 68% Some college55. 60% Associates and/or Bachelor’s degree38. 54% Bachelor’s degree29. 0% Master’s degree7. 62% Doctorate or professional degree2. 94% Most parents send their children to either a public or private institution. According to government data, one-tenth of students are enrolled in private schools. Approximately 85% of students enter the public schools,[21] largely because they are tax-subsidized (tax burdens by school districts vary from area to area). School districts are usually separate from other local jurisdictions, with independent officials and budgets. There are more than 14,000 school districts in the country. [22] More than $500 billion is spent each year on public primary and secondary education. [22] Most states require that their school districts within the state teach for 180 days a year. [23] Parents may also choose to educate their own children at home; 1. 7% of children are educated in this manner. [21] Nearly 6. 2 million students between the ages of 16 and 24 in 2007 dropped out of high school, including nearly three of 10 Hispanics. [24] The issue of high-school drop-outs is considered important to address as the incarceration rate for African-American male high school dropouts is about 50 (fifty) times the national average. [25] In 1971, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that forced busing of students may be ordered to achieve racial desegregation. [26] This ruling resulted in a white flight from the inner cities which largely diluted the intent of the order. This flight had other, non-educational ramifications as well. Integration took place in most schools though de facto segregation often determined the composition of the student body. By the 1990s, most areas of the country have been released from mandatory busing. In 2010, there were 3,823,142 teachers in public, charter, private, and Catholic elementary and secondary schools. They taught a total of 55,203,000 students, who attended one of 132,656 schools. [27] States do not require reporting from their school districts to allow analysis of efficiency of return on investment. The Center for American Progress commends Florida and Texas as the only two states that provide annual school-level productivity evaluations which report to the public how well school funds are being spent at the local level. This allows for comparison of school districts within a state. [28][29] In 2010, American students rank 17th in the world. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development says that this is due to focusing on the low end of performers. All of the recent gains have been made, deliberately, at the low end of the socioeconomic scale and among the lowest achievers. The country has been outrun, the study says, by other nations because the US has not done enough to encourage the highest achievers. [30] About half of the states encourage schools to recite the Pledge of Allegiance to the flag. [31] Teachers worked from about 35 to 46 hours a week, in a survey taken in 1993. [32] In 2011, American teachers worked 1,097 hours in the classroom, the most for any industrialized nation measured by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. They spend 1,913 hours a year on their work, just below the national average of 1,932 hours for all workers. [33] In 2011, the average annual salary of a preK-12 teacher was $55,040. [34] Transporting students to and from school is a major concern for most school districts. School buses provide the largest mass transit program in the country, 8. 8 billion trips per year. Non-school transit buses give 5. 2 billion trips annually. 440,000 yellow school buses carry over 24 million students to and from schools. [35] School start times are computed with busing in mind. There are often three start times: for elementary, for middle/junior high, and for high school. One school district computed its cost per bus (without the driver) at $20,575 annually. It assumed a model where the average driver drove 80 miles per day. A driver was presumed to cost $. 62 per mile (1. 6 km). Elementary schools started at 7:30, middle schools/junior high school started at 8:15 and senior high schools at 9:00. While elementary school started earlier, they also finish earlier, at 2:25, middle schools at 3:10 and senior high schools at 3:55. [36] All school districts establish their own times and means of transportation within guidelines set by their own state.

Notes How Steinbeck develops the character of Curly’s wife Essay

Notes for controlled assessment: Examine how Steinbeck develops the character of Curly’s wife. INTRO. Develops through different themes and emotions through book. Introduced through males eyes negatively. Gives reader impression she is promiscuous and dangerous. ‘Tart, jailbait, tramp. First appearance in book describes her as flirtatious/temptress. As book progresses the views on the character change from initial perception. Tries to exert some power in the hierarchal structure on the ranch (Crooks). Above all is crying out for attention and company, loneliness seals fate. Themes in order: 1. No name/negative image. 2. Attractiveness/attention. 3. Loneliness. 4. Tragedy/victim/women in 1930s. 1. Introduced to the reader through the eyes/opinions of the males. Quote. Not once mentioned to have a name. Defined by her relationship, not an individual. No real meaning, existence no real identity. Disrespectful. Echo’s how women were treated in 1930s hierarchy (explain). No opinions/rights on matters; could’ve led to feelings of loneliness and victim of discrimination. Quote. Is above Crooks & uses that power. Quote. Sausages. Quote. Fashionable but described unattractive & negative. The way in which she talks. Quote. Portrayed as weak & delicate. Powerless. 2. Young. Probably doesn’t intentionally mean to come across as a tramp or tart. Bored, has nobody to talk to. Her sexuality, provocativeness & the way she portrays herself as a temptress leaves her considered dangerous. Attractiveness is her weapon, no use as no one likes her. Wears red. Quote. Red nails. Brazenness. Reminds reader of Weed & foreshadows things to come (death). In red when introduced and red when killed. Change of description at death. Quote. Sweet, young and innocence. Uses it for attention. Gets the wrong kind of attention. All because of loneliness. 3. From the start Steinbeck uses irony. Soledad/Spanish/solitude. Loneliness, isolation & seclusion how she feels. Quote. Wants company, lonely, doesn’t receive love and affection she needs/a young girl would want. Doesn’t understand why nobody will speak with her. Quote. Only female on the ranch. Demonstrates inner feelings, reader sympathises. Quote. In the end finally confides in someone, Lennie, leads to death. 4. Loneliness leads to her tragic death. Possible foreshadowing of death through loneliness- explain. Nobody will talk but then when Lennie does it results in her death Quote in a way putting her out of misery. Introduced as a girl quote no powerful presence from start, girl gives impression of vulnerability. Surrounded by all males/only female on ranch. Death that of tragedy as she tells of bright future promised quote felt betrayed by family to then settle with Curly. Women had no real career opportunities, heartbroken to end up a housewife like the rest, trying to live the ‘American Dream’ had hope and very nearly independence. CONC

Features of Spoken Language

There are many aspects of spoken language that I have used in my home. When I am speaking to a person with a higher position is society, I will greatly vary my speech in terms of my vocabulary and even reduce or abolish the use of less formal features such as fillers and acronyms. However whilst I am conversing with a person of my age or a similar position in society, I will greatly use informal features such as tag questions and ellipsis.In my informal conversation with the plumber, I have used an array of spoken language features such as acronyms, hedge words and even ellipsis however on the other hand, whilst conversing with my father, I have employed covert prestige so that he understands me better. In addition I believe that spoken language is different from written language because most written language is intended to be read by someone who is separated from the writer in space and time. Therefore to communicate successfully, it has to be a lot more explicit than spoken languag e used in a face to face conversation.Although some written genres such as texts and e-mails are very similar to spoken language, in general written language is more dense in the sense that bigger words are used in smaller spaces and it also uses more subordinate clauses and has less redundancy words like †sort of†, †like†, †you know†, †yeah? † which are dominantly found in spoken language. Spoken language tends to be full of repetitions, incomplete sentences, corrections and interruptions, with the exception of formal speeches etc.Also, Writers receive no immediate feedback from their readers, except in computer-based communication. Therefore they cannot rely on context to clarify things so there is more need to explain things clearly and unambiguously than in speech, except in written correspondence between people who know one another well. On the other hand, speech is usually a dynamic interaction between two or more people. Context and shared knowledge play a major role, so it is possible to leave much unsaid or indirectly implied. There are many factors that affect the way I speak or my idiolect.I think that I speak in a slightly informal way and use a lot of slang vocabulary in my speech. This might be related to my family background and also because I come from an under-privileged position in the society where people tend to place a greater emphasis on delivering the message than focusing on the presentation. In addition, my background and lifestyle also affects my idiolect because, I come from an ordinary working class background where, people are not formally educated, so they tend to used words that are not complicated because a person’s speech usually reflects upon their education.My personal experiences also affect my idiolect in the sense that I am a very sporty person and love games by heart. This tends to affect my vocabulary because I use a lot of technical terms which an uneducated person might not understand straightaway furthermore, I have only been attending school since year 5, this places me in a very difficult position because I sometimes cannot find words that match my emotions because I have not been educated up to a high standard. My friends also influence my idiolect because I tend to socialise with people that have a similar intellect and interests as me.This greatly affects my vocabulary because we use similar terminology that a different person might not understand. In addition, my vocabulary is greatly affected by my interests too, for example when I read a book; I will try to incorporate the words into my speech so that I will have more breadth of words and lingo. I have recorded myself conversing with two different people that have different positions in society and are also educated to different levels. This greatly affected the topics that we spoke about and also affected the vocabulary I used.In the informal transcript with the plumber we are discu ssing about the replacement of a pipe and a tap, on the other hand the formal conversation with my dad was about going to a football match. Both of the conversations follow Grice’s maxims in the sense that the replies are short and have a good manner. However, the structure of the conversation is very different because in one I am more comfortable and open up and in the other, I need to persuade my father so I need to use my best vocabulary in order to be manipulative.Whilst looking at the transcript with the plumber in an informal situation, I immediately realise that I have a tendency to talk and give suggestions whilst the other person is still speaking, this is evident in the transcript because the topic of discussion was very mundane and did not contain anything educational so I felt that there was nothing for me to learn so why not present a quick reaction and agree with what the other person is saying. This adds emphasis to the point that peers do not mind if they are cut in between because of the informality of the situation.It also suggests that the two peers share a bond in the sense that they do not mind and will forgive the other person who has intruded in what they were saying. This might suggest that the people who usually employ such methods come from a background where this is seen as acceptable whereas formally educated people or people with a higher position in society will usually wait for their turn until the other person has finished speaking and follow the feature of turn taking which is evident in the formal transcript because it is seen as impolite to interrupt.People usually look down upon a person who employs this tactic because the person assumes a higher intellect than the person they interrupt because they don’t wait for them to finish their sentence, people who employ this technique might also come off as over-confident or over-smart. As the situation was very informal and relaxed, we could relate and form a bond of compassion where I do not need to be overly formal or employ formal features such as Standard English because we can relate in terms of background etc.This proves the point that I was able to successfully manipulate my speech depending on the situation and the person who I am speaking with. In addition to having lots of interruptions, the informal conversation contains lots of acronyms and initialisations such as â€Å"I gotta leave ASAP† and â€Å"LOL, that’s funny cos’ my friend goes to Copland†. This suggests that the situation is very hasty and I have employed this feature in my speech to reduce the time it takes to deliver a message.By, using â€Å"ASAP† in my speech, I was able to emphasise the hastiness of the situation and was also able to show wariness of the change in language over time. I have employed this feature because I would like to fit in with the way my peers speak to avoid social exclusion where no-one understands what I am tryi ng to imply. This feature is extensively used in my and the plumber’s idiolect for convenience because we would like to deliver a longer message in a shorter amount of time without losing the importance of the message.In formal situations, people will usually keep acronyms as their last resort because it shows that a person is too lazy to finish their sentence which might be perceived as not being confident enough. However, it shows that a person is aware and embraces change in the English language, for example people who use Received Pronunciation, can be seen as ignorant or unaware of the changes that English has had to suit convenience.

Reaction Paper to A. Gavin's Diasporic Africans and Slavery Essay

Reaction Paper to A. Gavin's Diasporic Africans and Slavery - Essay Example The basis stated for enslaving Africans by a majority of scholars was that Africans were much easier to purchase compared to other indigenous Americans or white slaves (Gavins 92). Africans were also less vulnerable to Europeans’ diseases as compared to the Europeans themselves. According to Raymond Gavins, it is true to say that Africans formed better slave laborers compared to Europeans. Raymond says that it is also a belief that Africans were targeted as slaves since they did not have the technology or advanced skills that Europeans had during the time when slave trade was so common. Africans still live in isolated tribes with restricted or limited communication among other people rather than large cites as the Europeans. Also, Africans never realized that they were being shipped off to the New World to work as slaves (Gavins 93). They realized this once they docked in the New World. This made them more vulnerable to slave trade than any other race. In the past, slave labor was an accepted norm in the Western society (Gavins 94). This was particularly in complex financial systems and areas that needed specialized labor. Europeans who decided to settle in the New World took with them slaves that they had acquired from West Africa. Slavery was essential in the whole southern economy, southern colonies and states, mainly due to agriculture. Agriculture was the main factor of the southern states and economy (Gavins 95). Slaves, on the other hand, were the main laborers when it came to planting. The southern land could not have worked as fast as it did without slave labor. Therefore, in order to drive the economy of the southern states and colonies, it was essential to maintain slavery in the region. African American slaves, in the new world, looked for survival and liberation in a couple of ways. They included economic, environmental and political