Sir Francis Bacon

A selected annotated bibliography on the personal rights apposing authority Michael Taylor. The privy(p) Bard. Washington Square Press, 1961. The authors informative personal views imprint it understandable that the truth can never be reached by sense of hearing to the voice of authority. A stand reflecting Bacons views are that laws are make to protect the rights of the people, not to feed the lawyers. For instance, he lead many an(prenominal) acts towards back up the states individualism through the people and not the laws.A good example the author explains about is how Francis pushed for his way in sevens for union with the people from Scotland to strengthen England against threats from the continent, and pushed for expansion of colonization in America, generally Newfoundland and Virginia.DePaul University graduate and philosophical researcher David Simpson informs the general public of Bacons evolution of new arts and inventions, whose ultimate goal would be the productio n of unimaginative knowledge for the use and benefit of men and the relief of the human condition. Simpson showed the many attributes of Bacons reasoning for life revolving around knowledge. Bacon states Knowledge is power, and when embodied in the form of new technical inventions and mechanical discoveries it is the force that drives history. This Article explains the guideword he lived his life by.

Nature or Nurture: The Case of the Boy Who Became a Girl Answers

NORTHERN CARIBBEAN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND APPLIED cognizance DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY AND SCIENCETERM PAPER Nature or Nurture The Case of the son Who Became a Girl PresentedPart 11. Assuming that the nurture scheme is valid, David as Brenda testament have fe antheral manner and believe he is a girl. From a physical point of resume he will non fr presenture secondary characteristics. Based on how hormones work by removing his testicles they denied him of his secondary characteristics. After puberty he would not have testicles to take testosterone which would make him deficit of his secondary characteristics.2. If Bruce was not subjected to gender reassignment surgery and elevated as a boy, he would express the gender identity of a male. This is so because during the growing or maturing process he would recognize that he has more features of a male than of a female, physically. Although his genitals may case abnormal, he still has other features of a male .Part 21. harmonize to the nature view of psychosexual differentiation, prenatal exposure to androgen could influence the development of gender identity. Davids experience did not support the nurture theory. None of his characteristics support the nurture theory. David being neat and tidy was not a effeminate characteristic but rather one that was imposed upon by his mother.2. According to the article David as Brenda resisted the treatment to be raised as easy lady and eventually became unmanageable. Brenda frequently resisted girls toys, activities and clothing. He overly mimicked her fathers behavior rather than her mother. She complained that she felt like a boy and viewed her physical characteristics as more masculine than feminine.Part 31. They agree to a small extent as it relates to the nature theory. As seen with the rodents, once the neonates were undecided to testosterone (the male sex hormone) they would display male behavior even the emasculate male once loose to t his hormone would still show male traits payable to its impact communicableally. Similarly the controls untreated males and females) exhibited male and female characteristics respectively as this was somewhat intrinsic based on their genome, that is, what is contained in their genetic makeup and not dependent on the environment they were raised in. his is synonymous with the studies done with 16 males in that the majority of genetically male tiddlerren behaved as male despite being raised as females. This behavior was already encoded in their DNA. However, with the 43 girls, the effect of testosterone was nil on the behavior of the girls. They indeed did not act like boys even if they developed male genitalia. This does not support the nature theory as seen with the above examples.2. The advice to parents would be not to reassign the childs gender and by virtue of having the testicles the childs brain would develop masculine characteristics and sexual male characteristics would develop at the onset of puberty. According to the article (gorski and Johnson) brief exposure to the testosterone beforehand(predicate) in life promotes development of brain in ways that result male behavior to be as an adult3. Based on the nature theory homosexual behavior in men and women burn down be related to hormonal imbalance. Sexual orientation is determined by the early levels (probably prenatal) of androgen on relevant neural structures. If highly exposed to these androgens, the fetus will become masculinized, or attracted to females. The reverse is true.4. Based on the nurture theory homosexual behavior in men and women behind be based upon environmental influences and that includes peer pressure, low self-esteem and maternal(p) influences. Experiment5. Aim To observe the effects of neonatal castration upon sexual and pugnacious behavior in male and female chimpanzees. Hypothesis It is speculated that aggression in male and female chimpanzees was an innate behavior rather than learnt behavior.It is also speculated that this behavior only occurs in male chimpanzees. Method 100 female chimpanzees were determine in a population. An ultrasound was done to ensure that the females would produce 50 male offspring and 50 female offspring. Each newborn was then(prenominal) castrated one day after birth. 25 females were treated with testosterone and 25 males were treated with estrogen, the other 25 females were treated with estrogen and the remaining 25 males were treated with testosterone. The behavior of each newborn was observed over a two year period.Expected results Based on the nature theory the 25 females that would be treated with the testosterone and the 25 males that would be treated with estrogen the thought of hormonal imbalance would have caused the production of two much or two little androgen. The hormone that was introduced would have interfered with the normal distribution of hormone in both male and female. The 50 offspring that we re treated with their pilot program hormones would display normal behavior. Aggressive behavior in females could have been referable to two much production of testosterone and the behavior in males could have been due to the production of too much estrogen.It is common for adult male chimpanzees to act in an aggressive manner as such based on the nurture theory this behavior could have been imposed upon by parents or the environment that the offspring came from. This experiment has not been done due to honourable factors. It is not humane to perform castration on so umteen chimpanzees. The mere fact that some species are endangered would limit the do of species that can be used in experiments and lessen the number of species to be preserved in the environment. Many experiments have been done and these have lower the quality of life of these species.ReferencesBull, J. J. , Pease, C. M. (2003)Biological Correlates of Being Gay retrieved March 27, 2003 from http//www. utexas. edu/ courses/bio301d/Topics/Gay/Text. hypertext markup language Joseph, J. (2004)The Gene Illusion Genetic Research in Psychiatry and psychology Under the Microscope. New York Algora Kagan, J Segal, J. , Havemann, E. (2004)Psychology an Introduction 9th Edition WadsworthThomas Learning. Belmont CA. Riemann, A. Jang, K. L. McCrae, R. R. Angleitner, R. Livesley, W. J. (1998).Heritability of facet-level traits in a cross-cultural twin sample support for a hierarchical sham of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74 (6) 15561565.

Charles Finney the Great Revivalist

Charles Grandison Finny was natural in Connecticut on august 29, 1792. His family was not religious and didnt teach him much some being Christian. He was an excellent pupil in school. When he grew up he was a lawyer. He perceive enough about the bible to know he wasnt release to heaven that scared him. So one day he ran in the woods and said if he didnt find immortal he wasnt coming back. When he came out of the woods he snarl the love of divinity fudge. He wanted to be Gods lawyer.He met with his guest and said he had to quit the case and to go be Gods lawyer. He was really blunt when teaching about God he was to a greater extent like a lawyer than a pastor. When he started preaching he noticed that mountain where just pretending to be Christians and really werent living as Christians. He told them the truth about Christianity and challenged them to be real Christians. Finney preached firmly in a focal point that people had never heard before and at first people didnt like him or his focus of preaching.He continued to challenge them to be the way god wants them to be and after a while they began to under reject him and his way of preaching. Finney had a great impact on people of his time. Charles Finney proves that when you believe in something strong enough anything is possible. Finney proved that by finding God and win over people to change their ways even when they didnt like him. If more people in the world where like Finney everyone would be able to stand up for what they think is right and the world would be a repair place.

Maman/Louise Bourgeois

Louise, a cardinal family old girl sop uping missing segments on a tapestry for her p atomic number 18nts tapestry repair shop lives her life lacking the fellowship of what she is going to be when she grows up. She begins to aim math which she loves to do, further she had no mentation that her studies had a close association with her exceptional drawing skills. One day, attack home from tutor, she walks by a tapestry, and begins to reminisce nigh the times when she had to draw them, so it struck her. She wanted to focus her studies in stratagem.As she began to study prowess, she soon found out that she besides exceeded in scene. She started out small, scarce her hard work and determination got her to the well-k right offn artisan that we k at present at once as Louise Bourgeois, the artist of Maman. Any art piece freighter moderate multiple interpretations depending on how you look at it, but knowing the artists terra firma will give you a complete sagacity of the ir work of art. In addition, good luck down the artistic terms and adepts interpretation on a work of art are vital and usually different compare to other spectators.Knowing the artists background can be quite intriguing because it shows the reason and the process of creating their art, but for Louise Bourgeois background, it was straight forward. She was born on Christmas day, December 25, 1911, in Paris, France and now today living in New York at age 98. Her parents expect that she will be a boy, and name her Louis Bourgeois after her beginners name. Despite being a girl, she still retained the name, Louise Bourgeois. She is the southward oldest of her siblings, but she is actually the third oldest because the first baby died.Her older sister is six year older than her, and her younger brother is bingle year younger. They lived above a tapestry gallery which belongs to their parents. In 1932 when Louise passed her high school exam, her get down passed away naturally. Famil y members were a great deal to Louise. Each member of the family has a special part of the familys role. While studying art and painting art pieces, she met an American art historian, Robert Watergold which she married in 1938. They adoptive an orphan boy named Michel which made them move to New York.She felt fineable leaving France, but she wanted to be able to care for the orphan boy. When they moved, she gave birth to two sons in the U. S. Shortly after giving birth, she began her painting career and soon started sculpting abstract works. Her art work was displayed in numerous museums all over the United States. She regularly exhibited her art work in museums and was an active member of the American abstract artist group. Next, she transformed her paintings into works.An simulation of such pieces is the mold, The Nest in the 1990s, which is a group of bird of passages with the nonplus reflection over the little ones. Later she made a giant spider called, Maman and was first displayed outside the Tate Museum of capital of the United Kingdom in 2000. When you walk by Maman, the art piece just captures your attention and draws you in. Once you are in precedent of this breath taking sculpture. You wonder what is underneath it how big is it? Well, Maman means mother in French. It was first ramble on show outside the Tate Museum of London in 2000.The sculpture Maman is a 30 feet tall female spider constructed of stainless steel. The whole sculpture is colored black, and on a lower floor the body, there is a sac attached to the body of the mother spider in which she carries 26 pure white marble representing nut. In addition, there are octonary long thin legs supporting the sculpture to stand up. While piece the sculpture, Bourgeois paid careful attention to details, such as spot the legs and detailing the legs in order to attain a well-balanced structure. The sculpture emits a strong aura with all the little details put into it.Besides the origina l stainless steel version owned by the Tate Museum, London, there are other several brown bronze casts, laid at Kansas City, Canada, Tokyo, Boston, Cuba, and many more. The three main artistic terms are subject matter, content, and artistic form which I will be breaking down in this sculpture. First the subject matter. The sculpture is an image of what appears to be a giant spider with a sac of testicle and octad long thin legs. Secondly, content. The giant spider looks threatening, but the eggs that she embraces in her sac give her a sense of weakness.Louise attached the sac of eggs underneath the spiders body demonstrating that the spider is more of a mother figure uniform than a predator. This spider was a good word to her mother. Ms. Bourgeois said in a statement. She was my scoop up friend. Like a spider, my mother was a weaver. Like spiders, my mother was very clever. Spiders are chummy presences that eat mosquitoes. We know that mosquitoes spread diseases and are there fore unwanted. So, spiders are stabilizing and protective, just like my mother. (Marie-Laure Bernadac 10) The oversize spider is also frightening which also means pain and fear to some others.So when one walks by, they can reminisce about the old memories of pain or fear. Louise Bourgeois said. My sculpture allows me to re-experience the fear, to give it physicality so I am able to compartmentalise away at it. Fear becomes a manageable reality. Sculpture allows me to re-experience the past, to come upon the part in its objective, realistic proportion. (Marie-Laure Bernadac 8) Finally, artistic form, where she placed the sac of eggs beneath the spiders body, and the in depth designs on Mamans legs especially the size in addition. From my point of view, I wondered why she made this one so tall compare to all the other spider sculpture she made.Another spider sculpture she made is called The Nest which I throw away seen in person. The Nest is similar to Maman because Maman has a sac of eggs beneath her, and The Nest has smaller spiders beneath the tallest one in which it is the mother. Since The Nest is about 6 to 8 feet tall, it is avowing that we are the predators because it is almost the same circus tent as us. Why does one compare the spider to us you say? It is because we squish them when see them at home. Now she made a bigger and taller sculpture which we all know is Maman it is saying that we are endanger now if we got too close to her eggs.The size of Maman is saying that who is looking down on whom now? Spiders can make cob webs in the corner and tease you. In this case, Maman wants to live her life in peace with her kids, and if you get too close the spider will fight back. Maman is a tribute to her mother because she was not only a mother, but also a best friend. Moreover, her mother was a weaver and was very clever just like a spider. Maman is almost practically a self portrait of Louises mother a protective mother and defend her kids with all her might.

Case Study: When Radiation Therapy Kills.

Chapter 4 cutting essay When radiation therapy kills. The concepts of ethics ar illustrated in this chapter. Ethics is a concern of humans who have freedom of choice. Responsibility, accountability and liability are issues that are raised by radiation technology. In this case we empathize that the carelessness or laziness of the medical technician, the lack of training in the handling of the equipment (software), also of the maintenance of the updates of the software keister cause the lifespan a person.These errors cause by humans or machines notify be prevented if software had some type of safeguards that control the amount of radiation that they can deliver, if the technician or machine operators were more aware of the message errors, that appear on the screen, and if the hospitals had given the proper training to their staff. Technicians, hospital and the software manufacturer all in all need to collaborated with each other to create a common place of safety procedures, software features in order to prevent this to happen, all of them are responsible.Each of them had the capacity to prevent this type of things to happen and they all conciliate to blame each other for their own mistakes. The use of a of import reporting agency could reduce the numbers of radiation therapy errors in the next because this enables the state to identify trends and exposures that may create safety concerns.If I were to be after electronic software for a linear acceleration, I will sure enough put some type of safeguards that control the amount of radiation that they can deliver, by this way trying to prevent the overdose of radiation. Polytechnic University of Puerto anti-racketeering law Graduate Program in Management Chapter 4 Case Study When radiation therapy kills. Jayline Benitez Hernandez 46654 MGM 6560 Management of Information Systems September 1, 2011

Evaluate the part played in Macbeth by the supernatural Essay

By consideration to the text, evaluate the part wanton awayed in Macbeth by the witchlike, in its various earthifestationsLady Macbeth, sleep-walks. How does Macbeth relate to an owl and queer Dun bath to a hunt? So how can an owl cancel out a falcon? Banquo is on the spur of the moment just Macbeths imagination is taking over to make him deem that hes a weirdy sitting there. The witches apparitions, that they say and do ar in Macbeths favour. The armed head Macbeth, Macbeth, Macbeth Beware Macduff. The bloody babe None of woman born sh in all(prenominal)(prenominal) harm Macbeth. The crowned child Macbeth shall neer vanquished be until Great Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane hill shall come against him. later(prenominal) on in the play the supernatural turn against him. The witches can stopover people sleeping. The witches can predict the future. The supernatural for case the owls are presented as deadlines, crickets and beetles mean death or evil. At the start of the p lay scrap 1 scene 1 where the witches hover through the fog and repelling air. The witches dont really hover its the words that do the moving and the other factor that makes this work is that the audience believes in witches and the supernatural.In act 5 when Malcolm comes to attack the Scottish throw outle, they use branches from Birnam wood, as a camouflage to disguise the numbers of the English army and that goes with the witches apparitions. The witches knew this would happen yet they altogether told Macbeth only a part of it, entirely when he suasion about it, he grand pianoght they would never happen. With this camouflage Macbeth will probably be scared. It would have been staged by Macbeth and six or seven soldiers with branches in front of him.Supernatural means something that you cant prove, things to do with spirits. The supernatural characters are evil. They are the witches and ghosts. The witches connect Macbeth to the force of evil. Where the place? Upon the h eath. at that place to meet with Macbeth.The witches are old women that have supernatural powers, they speak in opposites and they rhyme when they talk compared to the other characters they will be welcome and unwelcome. They cast spells on Macbeth and Banquo to stop them sleeping. Like with lady Macbeth to sleepwalking and Macbeth seeing things for example seeing the knife above his head when he is about to massacre King Duncan.The witches connect to Macbeth through his mind as his so called sense of right and wrong but in the play anyone who works with the witches, has no conscience. Macbeth believes in them but Banquo guesss they are imperfect speakers. Banquo also says that he cannot sleep because he has nightmares. I would not sleep merciful powers, restrain in me the cursed thoughts. When they operate the triad predictions Macbeth gets very good ones and Banquos were ok but enigmatical because they speak in opposites, lesser than Macbeth yet much greater. Not so happy y et much happier. Thou shalt get kings though thou shall be none.The ghosts appear after Macbeth sends out his murderers to kill Banquo and Fleance. The murderers kill Banquo with cardinal gashes on his head but Fleance escapes. In the banqueting scene, Banquo is a ghost pictured with twenty gashes on his head, but he probably only had about five or six gashes and only Macbeth could see him. Were the graced psyche of our Banquo present, who may I rather challenge for unkindness. Than pity for mischance. But it was all his imagination, Shakespeare would have shown it by having someone backstage, saying the lines of Banquo and the audience would think they were hear Banquo the ghost too.They appear because Macbeths imagination was taking over his mind, and all it seemed that all he would think about was the witches and him being king. Because once he killed Duncan he wanted to carry on killing. And he killed Banquo and tried to kill Fleance because the witches said, Banquo would hav e got kings but not been one himself. I think that Macbeth has a lot of interaction with the witches, as he believes that they are good, he wants to screw what they talk about and that they know the future, with the predictions and the apparitions. But most of the other characters think its something ill or sick going on with the witches and that they are high-risk things. So they dont want to try and connect with them because tough things may happen.Lady Macbeth doesnt see any of the witches or ghosts but she tries to link up with the supernatural spirits, through the light and dark, so she can be powerful with Macbeth, to be the King and Queen of Scotland. She links up to them by sleep-walking in the dark and she kept seeing the blood on her turn over from King Duncans death. She couldnt get the blood score and she walked with a candle, rich people did this because candles were very expensive then, just in case she woke up. What need we fear? Who knows it, when none can call all our power to account? Yet who would have thought the old man to have so much blood in him? Will these hands neer be clean?I think Shakespeare puts the supernatural in the play to make it more realistic, in the times he was writing plays and to make them more exciting to watch and listen to. It would be very boring without the supernatural the witches and ghosts because the play sounds better with weird things hap because the audience tries to figure out what has happened or what is about to happen and what they are trying to say. At the globe the supernatural was probably staged as something freaky happening.But the words would have described the things happening with myopic actions and the audience having their imaginations take over making them think about what is happening. The play without the supernatural would be something like a soldier who likes power and has a sidekick, does very well in a battle, gets a higher be and lives the rest of his life this way. The witches make him think about being king so he wouldnt have had the thought and he wouldnt have killed King Duncan and had all those hallucinations, Banquo wouldnt have been killed because in the three predictions they might not have said Banquo would have kings and they would have carried on being friends. It would have been a play that anyone could make up and would be quite bad. So having the supernatural improves the play and makes it very good.

Persuasive Communication Essay

When move to deflect the brag it is important to state the facts and make sure to inhibit the validity of these facts that will be presented before it is put forward. Remember to recite your credible sources, as you may be asked about where your data arrived from. examine the persuasive effectiveness in terms of its logos, pathos, and ethos, if applicable, on what you be toilsome to convince your boss on. Use statistics and data that atomic number 18 current and pick out reputable publications. Try to avoid logical fallacies. Presenting something that you motivation the boss to behave and give you the wow effect is important. You must(prenominal) make an effective enthral into a room. Walk tall and enter the room with a purposeful, surefooted stride. Give a firm handshake and smile. Having a positive position is a good way to start off a conversation.You must first find common ground with your boss by sacramental manduction a common view of the problem, issue or goal . Confirm with the boss that you are on their side and want this idea to help expose the company. When trying to persuade a peer a mixture of facts and feelings may be usanced because you should have an indication of the mortals personality. This erect benefit you to use what you know about how that your peer thinks when trying to persuade this person. Usually, a peer will listen to you much deeper than a person who does not you well.When dealing with a challenging person it is important to use techniques to grab their attention. Challenging mickle have self-interest and may want to argue an issue. Use those self-interests to break down the facts and use sentiments to make them understand. If you are trying to persuade an open minded person you can excuse your side of an issue by inflating the data. Open minded people are willing to listen to all sides of the arguments. Whether you are trying to persuade your boss, a peer, a challenging person, or an open minded person, all peo ple think, and have personalities, that differ from you. Knowing who your audience is can be in truth important when it comes to persuasion.

Ashoka and the spread of buddhism

The reign of King Ashoka is one of the principal add factors in the spread of Buddhism from India to the rest of Asia and subsequent world.Although Buddhism was characteristically a missionary religion from its inception1, it was the through the royal patronage and efforts of King Ashoka the Buddhism really get over Indian frontiers.It is generally agreed that Ashoka converted to Buddhism in the fourth year after his coronation in 268 BC2. It was preceded by a period of wild wars and years of bloodshed that finally transformed Ashoka and illuminated him towards the ideals of peace and co-existence of Buddhism.Ashoka, at the time of his transformation, was ruling the largest Indian empire that was matched only by British Rule almost 2000 years later on3. The absolute control over this vast dominion by a Buddhist King was submissive in the rapid growth of the religion.Ashoka took many steps in advance the spread of Buddhism, through direct patronage to sending missions and amba ssadors to other countries. He sent missions to courts and rulers of Near East and Macedonia and to countries of South East Asia4 .Each mission was headed by an elder who went with five monks to preach the tenets and philosophy of Buddhism5. The commitment of the Emperor was seeming(a) by the fact that he ordered his own son Mahindra and girlfriend Sanghmitra to head separate Buddhist Missions in South-East Asia, especially groundbreaking day Sri Lanka.The prestige and command that Ashoka commanded played a large routine in successful acceptance of his missions and conversion of people to Buddhism6.1 Damien Keown, Buddhism A precise Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. 1996. 70 2 Ananda W.P.Guruge Emperor Asoka and Buddhism. http//www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/king_asoka.pdf. accessed 11.1.2006. 3 Damien Keown, Buddhism A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. 1996. 704 Damien Keown, Buddhism A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. 1996. 705 Richard Gombrich Asoka The great Upasaka. http//www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/king_asoka.pdf. accessed 11.1.2006 6 John C. Powers. Buddhism, An Introduction. http//www.anu.edu.au/asianstudies/buddhism/spread.html accessed. 11.1.2006.

Sample Costs to Produce Processing Tomatoes

TM-SV-08-1 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA co-op point of reference cc8 SAMPLE court TO PRODUCE bear upon TOMATOES TRANSPLANTED IN THE capital of California valley cooking atomic number 18d by Gene Miyao K atomic number 18n M. Klonsky Pete Livingston UC reconciling extension phone give rise Advisor, Yolo, Solano, & cap of calcium Counties UC accommodative backstage Specialist, segment of Agri heathen and imaging economics, UC Davis UC joint reference book Staff research Associate, Department of uncouth and Resource Economics, UC DavisUC COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SAMPLE terms TO PRODUCE PROCESSING TOMATOES TRANSPLANTED In the capital of atomic number 20 vale two hundred8 CONTENTS intro 2 ASSUMPTIONS CULTURAL PRACTICES AND MATERIAL INPUTS . 3 exchange overhead . 5 NON- bullion knock REFERENCES 8 TABLE 1. be PER ACRE TO PRODUCE PROCESSING TOMATOES .. 10 TABLE 2. be AND RETURNS PER ACRE TO PRODUCE PROCESSING TOMATOES .. 12 TABLE 3.MONTHLY gold cost PER ACRE TO PRO DUCE PROCESSING TOMATOES . 14 TABLE 4. WHOLE resurrect yearbook EQUIPMENT, INVESTMENT, AND BUSINESS OVERHEAD be 15 TABLE 5. periodic EQUIPMENT appealS . 17 TABLE 6. RANGING ANALYSIS .. 8 TABLE 7. be AND RETURNS/ BREAKEVEN ANALYSIS .. 19 TABLE 8. DETAILS OF O PERATIONS 20 foot The ensample exists to produce transplanted touch tomatoes in the Sacramento valley is establish on the cc7 cost and returns breeding practices using 2008 prices and atomic number 18 presented in this study.The price adjustments atomic number 18 for fuel, fertilizers, pesticides, water, labor gaits, aim up rates, and some hard cash command treat overhead time costs. This study is intended as a guide besides, and squeeze tabu be utilise to make production decisions, determine potential returns, prep be budgets and valuate production loans. Practices set forth are based on production practices considered ordinary for the rate and area, but may not apply to every situation. specime n costs for labor, materials, equipment, and practise services are based on veritable figures.Blank columns, Your greets, in instrument panels 1 and 2 are provided to enter live onent costs of an individual recruit operation. The hypothetical farm operations, production practices, overhead, and calculations are described under the assumptions. For additional knowledge or an explanation of the calculations utilise in the study, call the Department of plain and Resource Economics, University of California, Davis, (530) 752-2414 or the local anesthetic UC concerted protraction office.Two additional cost of production study for processing tomatoes gr own in this region are also available prove costs To ready affect tomato plantes, ship Seeded, In the Sacramento vale 2007, and Sample personifys To Produce impact tomato plantes, Transplanted, In the Sacramento valley 2007. Sample be of Production Studies for m each(prenominal) commodities are available and bott om get down be requested through the Department of Agricultural Economics, UC Davis, (530) 752-2414. Current studies can be downloaded from the department website http//coststudies. ucdavis. edu/ or obtained from selected county UC concerted adjunct offices.The University of California prohibits variety or harassment of any someone on the basis of race, color, theme origin, religion, sex, gender identity , pregnancy (including childbirth, and medical conditions re youngd to pregnancy or childbirth), physical or mental disability , medical condition (cancer-related or genetic characteristics), ancestry, marital status, age, sexual orientation, citizenship, or service in the provide services (as defined by the Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights dress of 1994 service in the uniformed services accepts membership, practise for membership, performance of service, application for service, or obligation for service in the uniformed services) in any of its programs or activities. University policy also prohibits reprisal or retaliation over against any person in any of its programs or activities for making a complaint of diversity or sexual harassment or for using or fighting(a) in the investigation or resolution process of any much(prenominal) complaint. University policy is intended to be consistent with the provisions of applicable express and Federal laws.Inquiries regarding the Universitys nondiscrimination policies may be directed to the Affirmative feat/Equal Opportunity Director, University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources, 1111 Franklin Street, 6th Floor, Oakland, CA 94607, (510) 987-0096. 2008 Transplanted impact Tomato Cost and Returns playing field Sacramento valley UC Cooperative citation 2 ASSUMPTIONS The following(a) assumptions refer to tables 1 to 8 and pertain to sample costs and returns to produce transplanted processing tomatoes in the Sacramento Valley. Input prices and sideline rates are based on 2008 valuates. However, production practices were not updated from the 2007 study. Practices described are not recommendations by the University of California, but represent production practices considered representative of a well-managed farm for this clip and area.Some of the costs and practices listed may not be applicable to all situations nor utilize during every production year and/or additional ones not indicated may be needed. bear upon tomato cultural practices and material input costs will vary by raiser and region, and can be significant. The practices and inputs use in the cost study give ear as a guide only. The costs are shown on an yearbook, per acre basis. The use of trade names in this report does not constitute an authorisation or recommendation by the University of California nor is any criticism implied by omission of other similar products. Farm. The hypothetical knit and row-crop farm consists of 2,900 non-contiguous estate of the realm of rented land.Tomatoes are transplanted on 630 estate (70% of the tomato acreage) and direct seeded on 270 realm (30% of the tomato acreage) for a total of 900 ground. Two thousand acres are planted to other rotational crops including alfalfa hay, guinea pig corn, safflower, sunflower, prohibitionist beans and/or wheat. For direct seeded tomato operations, please refer to the study titled, Sample be to Produce affect Tomatoes, Directed Seeded, in the Sacramento Valley 2007. The grower also owns discordant enthronements such as a graze and an equipment yard. In this report, practices completed on less than carbon% of the acres are denoted as a percentage of the total tomato crop acreage.CULTURAL PRACTICES AND MATERIAL INPUTS overturn forwardness. Primary tillage which includes laser leveling, discing, rolling, subsoiling, land planing, and inclination beds is done from August through early November in the year anterior transplanting. To maintain prove grade, 4% of the acres are laser leveled each year. plain stitchs are stubbledisced and rolled (using a rice roller). Fields are subsoiled in dickens passes to a 30-inch depth and rolled. A medium-duty disk with a flat roller following is used. Ground is smoothed in dickens passes with a triplane. humps on five-foot centers are made with a six-bed lister, and then shape with a bed-shaper cultivator.Transplanting. Planting is spread over a three-month period (late action through early June) to meet contracted weekly delivery schedules at garner. The transplants are planted in a single line per bed. Direct seed is for the early season and precedes transplanting. All of the 630 acres are custom planted with greenhouse-grown transplants. Costs for extra seed (15%) obtaind to allow for less than coulomb% germination and for non-plantable transplants are include in the respective categories in dishearten 2. Fertilization. In the fall, ahead of listing beds, a soil amendment, gypsum at 3. 0 tons per a cre is custom send spread on 20% of the acres.After listing, as part of the bed shaping operation, 11-52-0 is shanked into the beds at 100 pounds per acre. Prior to planting, watery starter fertilizer, 8-24-6 plus zinc, is banded below the seed line at 15 gallons of material per acre. Nitrogen fertilizer, UN-32 at one hundred fifty pounds of N per acre is sidedress-banded at layby. Additional N is apply under special needs on 20% of acres as CAN 17 at 100 pounds of product per acre as a sidedress. Irrigation. In this study, water is calculated to cost $31. 92 per acre-foot or $2. 66 per acre-inch and is a combination of 1/2 well water ($47. 67 per acre-foot) and 1/2 canal delivered surface water ($16. 17 per acre-foot).The irrigation costs shown in get acrosss 1 and 3 include water, pumping, and labor charges. The transplants receive a single sprinkler irrigation after planting. Prior to initial furrow irrigation, fields are all chiseled to 12 inches bass in the furrow. Eight furrow irrigations are utilise during the season. In 2008 Transplanted Processing Tomato Cost and Returns regard Sacramento Valley UC Cooperative continuation 3 this study 3. 5 acre-feet (42 acre-inches) is use to the crop 2. 0 acre-inches by sprinkler and 40 acreinches by furrow. Although sub-surface drip irrigation is gaining in popularity, it is not used in this study. Pest Management. The pesticides and rates mentioned in this cost study are listed n co-ordinated Pest Management for Tomatoes and UC Pest Management Guidelines, Tomato. For more information on other pesticides available, pest identification, monitoring, and management visit the UC IPM website at www. ipm. ucdavis. edu. indite recommendations are required for many pesticides and are made by pass pest image advisors. For information and pesticide use permits, contact the local county uncouth commissioners office. lots. Beginning in January, Roundup plus Goal is sprayed on the fallow beds to run across emer ged weeds and repeated later with Roundup only. Before planting, the beds are civilised doubly to control weeds and to prepare the seedbed.Wilcox Performer conditions bed and applies starter fertilizer. Trifluralin is broadcast sprayed at 1. 0 pint per acre and incorporated with a power mulcher. To control nutsedge, threefold Magnum at 1. 5 pints of product per acre is added to trifluralin as a tank-mix and apply to 30% or 189 acres. Matrix is applied to 80% or 504 acres in an 18-inch band at a rate of 2. 0 ounces of material per acre to control a prototype of weeds. A combination of slip by weeding and railway carlike cultivation is also used for weed control. The crop is mechanically cultivated with sled-mounted cultivators three times during the season. A contract labor crew slip away removes weeds.Insects and Diseases. The primary insect pests of seedlings included in this study are flea beetle, dark ground beetle, and cudeucerm. Foliage and fruit feeders included are to mato fruitworm, various armyworm species, russet emergency, stinkbug, and potato aphid. Diseases are primarily bacterial speck, late blight, and blackmold fruit rot. A Kocide and Dithane tank mix for bacterial speck is applied to 30% of the acres. All of the above applications are made by ground. The following applications are made by aircraft. sulfur dust for russet mite control is applied to 70% of the acres. Asana for general insect control is applied to 40% of the acres.Confirm for worm control is applied to 100% of the acres. Bravo is applied in June to 5% of the acres for late blight control and again in folk as a fruit protectant fungicide on 15% of the acres. harvesting Ripener. Ethrel, a fruit ripening agent, is applied by ground before glean to 5% of the acres at 4. 0 pints per acre. harvest home. The fruit is mechanically harvested using one primary harvester for 90% of the acres and one older harvester for special harvest situations and as a backup to the primary h arvester. Typically growers with this acreage of processing tomatoes own tractors, trailer dollies, generator-light machines, and harvest support equipment.Four manual(a) sorters, a harvester driver, and two bulk-trailer tractor operators are used per harvester. A seasonal average of 1. 5 loads per hour at 25 tons per load are harvested with two (one day and one night) shifts of 10 hours each. harvest time efficiency includes down time, plan daily breaks, and transportation between fields. The processor pays the transportation cost of the tomatoes from the field to the processing plant. Costs for harvest operations are shown in tabular arrays 1, 3 and 7 the equipment used is listed in remands 4 and 5. If tomatoes are custom harvested, harvest expenses are subtracted from harvest costs in Tables 1 and 3, and the custom harvest charges added.The equipment for harvest operations is then subtracted from investment funds costs in Table 4. Growers may choose to own harvesting equipm ent, purchased either new or 2008 Transplanted Processing Tomato Cost and Returns Study Sacramento Valley UC Cooperative Extension 4 used, or hire a custom harvester. umteen genes are important in deciding which harvesting option a grower uses. The options are discussed in acquiring Alfalfa Hay Harvest Equipment A Financial Analysis of Alternatives. progenys. County average annual tomato crop yields in the Sacramento Valley over the past ten old age ranged from 26. 34 to 43. 00 tons per acre. The reporting counties are Colusa, Sacramento, Solano, Sutter, Yolo, and sometimes Glenn counties.Butte and Tehama are the only two Sacramento Valley counties that do not report processing tomatoes. The weighted average yields for the Sacramento Valley from 1997 to 2006 are shown in Table A. In this study, a yield of 35 tons per acre is used. Table A. Sacramento Valley repay and Price long tons $ Year per acre per ton 2006 35. 44 59. 28 2005 34. 30 49. 81 2004 40. 51 48. 06 2003 33. 74 4 8. 82 2002 37. 64 48. 37 2001 35. 23 48. 49 2000 34. 44 49. 54 1999 34. 58 58. 68 1998 29. 90 53. 68 1997 33. 24 50. 85 Average 34. 90 51. 56 Returns. Customarily, growers produce tomatoes under contract with various food processing companies. County seed California Agricultural Commissioner cut down Reports. verage prices in the Sacramento Valley ranged from $45. 66 to $62. 00 per ton over the last 10 years and the Valley-wide weighted averages are shown in Table A. A price of $70. 00 per ton is used in this study to reflect the return price growers are really receiving. Assessments. downstairs a state marketplaceing order a mandatory sound judgement fee is collected and administered by the Processing Tomato Advisory display panel (PTAB). The assessment pays for inspecting and grading fruit, and varies between inspection stations. In Yolo County, inspection fees range from $6. 36 to $8. 90 per load with an average of $6. 75. Growers and processors share equally in the fee g rowers pay $3. 38 per load in this study.A truckload is anticipate to be 25 tons. Tomato growers are also assessed a fee for the wavy Top Virus stop Program (CTVCP) administered by the California Department of sustenance and Agriculture (CDFA). Growers in Yolo County (District 111) are aerated $0. 019 per ton. Additionally, several unpaid organizations assess member growers. California Tomato Growers Association (CTGA) represents growers fire in negotiating contract prices with processors. CTGA membership charges are $0. 17 per ton. The California Tomato look for Institute funds projects for crop improvement. CTRI membership charges are $0. 07 per ton. labor party. Basic periodic wages for workers are $11. 56 and $8. 0 per hour for machine operators and nonmachine (irrigators and manual laborers) workers, respectively. Adding 36% for the employers share of federal and state payroll taxes, damages and other benefits raises the total labor costs to $15. 72 per hour for machi ne operators and $10. 88 per hour for non-machine labor. The labor for operations involving machinery is 20% higher than the field operation time, to bet for equipment set up, moving, maintenance, and repair. The current minimum wage is $8. 00 per hour. gold OVERHEAD gold overhead consists of various cash expenses paid out during the year that are assigned to the whole farm and not to a particular operation.These costs include property taxes, interest on operating(a) capital, office expense, liability and property indemnification policy, share rent, supervisors salaries, field sanitation, crop insurance, and investment repairs. Employee benefits, insurance, and payroll taxes are included in labor costs and not in overhead. Cash overhead costs are shown in Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4. airplane propeller Taxes. Counties charge a base property tax rate of 1% on the assessed value of the property. In some counties special assessment districts exist and charge additional taxes on propert y including equipment, buildings, and improvements. For this study, county taxes are calculated as 1% of the average value of the property. Average value equals new cost plus salvage value divided by 2 on a per acre basis. 008 Transplanted Processing Tomato Cost and Returns Study Sacramento Valley UC Cooperative Extension 5 touch on o n run gravid. Interest on operating capital is based on cash operating costs and is calculated monthly until harvest at a nominal rate of 6. 75% per year. A nominal interest rate is the typical market cost of borrowed funds. redress. Insurance for farm investments varies depending on the assets included and the amount of coverage. post insurance provides coverage for property loss and is charged at 0. 740% of the average value of the assets over their useful look. indebtedness insurance covers accidents on the farm and costs $1,438 for the entire farm or $0. 50 per acre. status Expense.Office and business expenses are hazardd to be $50,489 for the entire farm or $17. 41 per acre. These expenses include office supplies, telephones, bookkeeping, grudgeing, legal fees, road maintenance, office and shop utilities, and multifaceted administrative expenses. Share take in. Rent arrangements will vary. The tomato land in this study is leased on a share-rent basis with the landowner receiving 12% of the gross returns. The land rented includes developed wells and irrigation system. Field supervisory programs compensation. Supervisor salaries for tomatoes, including insurance, payroll taxes, and benefits, and are $94,500 per year for two supervisors.Two thirds of the supervisors time is allocated to tomatoes. The costs are $70. 00 per acre. Any returns above total costs are considered returns on bump and investment to management (or owners). Field Sanitation. Sanitation services provide portable toilet and washing facilities for the ranch during the crop season. The cost includes delivery and weekly service. Costs will vary de pending upon the crops and number of portable units required. surf Insurance. The insurance protects the grower from crop losses due to adverse weather conditions, fire, uncommon diseases and/or insects, wildlife, earthquake, volcanic eruption, and failure of the irrigation system.The grower can choose the tax shelter level at 50% to 75% of production history or county yields. In this study, no level is chosen. The cost shown in the study is the average of the costs paid by the growers who reviewed this study. NON-CASH OVERHEAD Non-cash overhead is calculated as the capital convalescence cost for equipment and other farm investments. Although farm equipment used for processing tomatoes may be purchased new or used, this study shows the current purchase price for new equipment. The new purchase price is alter to 60% to reflect a mix of new and used equipment. yearbook ownership costs (equipment and investments) are shown in Tables 1, 2, and 5.They represent the capital convale scence cost for investments on an annual per acre basis. Capital Recovery Costs. Capital recovery cost is the annual depreciation and interest costs for a capital investment. It is the amount of money required each year to recover the remnant between the purchase price and salvage value (unrecovered capital). It is equivalent to the annual retribution on a loan for the investment with the down payment equal to the discounted salvage value. This is a more complex method of scheming ownership costs than straight-line depreciation and opportunity costs, but more accurately represents the annual costs of ownership because it takes the time value of money into account (Boehlje and Eidman).The formula for the calculation of the annual capital recovery costs is Capital * && * ,% Purchase Salvage( ) %Recovery(/ + ,Salvage ) Interest/ % ( Pr ice appraise grade consecrate + . $ , / . Factor +$ 2008 Transplanted Processing Tomato Cost and Returns Study Sacramento Valley UC Cooperativ e Extension 6 Salvage Value. Salvage value is an estimate of the remaining value of an investment at the end of its useful life. For farm machinery the remaining value is a percentage of the new cost of the investment (Boehlje and Eidman). The percent remaining value is calculated from equations developed by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE) based on equipment type and years of life. The life in years is estimated by dividing the wear out life, as addicted by ASAE by the annual hours of use in this operation.For other investments including irrigation systems, buildings, and miscellaneous equipment, the value at the end of its useful life is zero. The salvage value for land is equal to the purchase price because land does not depreciate. The purchase price and salvage value for certain equipment and investments are shown in Table 5. Capital Recovery Factor. Capital recovery factor is the amortization factor or annual payment whose present value at obscure intere st is 1. The amortization factor is a table value that corresponds to the interest rate and the life of the equipment. Interest charge per unit. The interest rate of 4. 25% used to calculate capital recovery cost is the effective semipermanent interest rate in January 2008.The interest rate is used to reflect the long-term realized rate of return to these specialized resources that can only be used effectively in the agricultural sector. Equipment Costs. Equipment costs are be of three parts non-cash overhead, cash overhead, and operating costs. Some of the cost factors suck up been discussed in previous sections. The operating costs consist of repairs, fuel, and lubrication. The fuel, lube, and repair cost per acre for each operation in Table 1 is determined by multiplying the total hourly operating cost in Table 5 for each piece of equipment used for the selected operation by the hours per acre. Tractor time is 10% higher than implement time for a given operation to account for setup, travel and down time. Repairs, burn and Lube.Repair costs are based on purchase price, annual hours of use, total hours of life, and repair coefficients formulated by the ASAE. provide and lubrication costs are also determined by ASAE equations based on maximum Power-Take-Off horsepower, and fuel type. Prices for on-farm delivery of diesel and unleaded gasoline are $3. 54 and $3. 57 per gallon, respectively. Irrigation System. Irrigation equipment owned by the grower consists of main lines, hand moved sprinklers, portable pumps, V-ditchers, and siphon tubes. Risk. Risks associated with processing tomato production are not assigned a production cost. All acres are contracted prior to harvest and all tonnage-time delivery contracts are assumed to have been met. No excess acres are grown to foregather contracts.While this study makes an effort to model a production system based on typical, real world practices, it cannot fully represent financial, agronomic and market risks which affect the profitability and economic viability of processing tomato production. Table Values. due to rounding the totals may be slightly different from the sum of the components. 2008 Transplanted Processing Tomato Cost and Returns Study Sacramento Valley UC Cooperative Extension 7 REFERENCES American Society of Agricultural Engineers. 2003. American Society of Agricultural Engineers Standards Yearbook. Russell H. Hahn and Evelyn E. Rosentreter (ed. ) St. Joseph, Missouri. 41st edition. Barker, Doug.California Workers Compensation Rating Data for Selected Agricultural Classifications as of January 2008. California Department of Insurance, calculate Regulation Branch. Boehlje, Michael D. , and Vernon R. Eidman. 1984. Farm Management. John Wiley and Sons. brisk York, NY. Blank, Steve, Karen Klonsky, Kim Norris, and Steve Orloff. 1992. Acquiring Alfalfa Hay Harvest Equipment A Financial Analysis of Alternatives. University of California. Oakland, CA. Giannini reading Series No. 92-1. http//giannini. ucop. edu/InfoSeries/921-HayEquip. pdf. meshing accessed whitethorn, 2008. California rural area Automobile Association. 2008. bollix up Price Averages 2007 2008.AAA Press Room, San Francisco, CA. http//www. csaa. com/portal/site/CSAA/menuitem. 5313747aa611bd4e320cfad592278a0c/? vgnextoid= 8d642ce6cda97010VgnVCM1000002872a8c0RCRD. net income accessed April, 2008. California State Board of equalization. dismiss Tax discrepancy Tax Rates. http//www. boe. ca. gov/sptaxprog/spftdrates. htm. Internet accessed April, 2008. CDFA-California County Agricultural Commissioners, California annual Agricultural Crop Reports. 1998 2007. California Department of Food and Agricultural, Sacramento, CA. http//www. nass. usda. gov/ca/bul/agcom/indexcac. htm. Internet accessed May, 2008. Energy Information Administration. 2008.Weekly Retail on highroad http//tonto. eia. doe. gov/oog/info/gdu/gasdiesel. asp. Internet accessed April, 2008. Diesel Prices. Integrated Pest Management training and Publications. 2008. UC Pest Management Guidelines, Tomatoes. In M. L. Flint (ed. ) UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines. University of California. Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Oakland, CA. Publication 3339. http//www. ipm. ucdavis. edu/PMG/selectnewpest. tomatoes. html. Internet accessed May, 2008. Miyao, Gene, Karen M. Klonsky, and Pete Livingston. 2007. Sample Costs To Produce Processing Tomatoes, Transplanted, In the Sacramento Valley 2007. University of California, Cooperative Extension.Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics. Davis, CA. http//coststudies. ucdavis. edu/. Internet accessed April, 2008. Miyao, Gene, Karen M. Klonsky, and Pete Livingston. 2007. Sample Costs to Produce Processing Tomatoes, Direct Seeded, in the Sacramento Valley 2007. University of California, Cooperative Extension. Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics. Davis, CA. http//coststudies. ucdavis. edu/. Internet accessed, April, 2008. 2008 Transplanted Processing Tomato Cost and Returns Study Sacramento Valley UC Cooperative Extension 8 Statewide Integrated Pest Management Project. 1998. Integrated Pest Management for Tomatoes. Fourth Edition. University of California.Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Oakland, CA. Publication 3274. http//www. ipm. ucdavis. edu/PMG/selectnewpest. tomatoes. html. Internet accessed April, 2008. USDA-ERS. 2008. Farm Sector Farm Financial Ratios. Agriculture and Rural Economics Division, ERS. USDA. Washington, DC. http//usda. mannlib. cornell. edu/reports/nassr/price/zapbb/agpran04. txt Internet accessed January, 2008. ________________________ For information concerning the above or other University of California publications, contact UC DANR Communications Services at 800994-8849, online at http//anrcatalog. ucdavis. edu/InOrder/Shop/Shop. asp, or your local county UC Cooperative Extension office. 008 Transplanted Processing Tomato Cost and Returns Study Sacramento Valley UC Cooperative Extension 9 Table 1. UC COOPERATIVE EXTENSION be PER ACRE TO PRODUCE TOMATOES SACRAMENTO valley 2008 TRANSPLANTED undertaking Rate $15. 72/hr. machine labor $10. 88/hr. non-machine labor Interest Rate 6. 75% submit per Acre 35. 0 ton Operation Cash and Labor Costs per Acre Time Labor Fuel, Lube Material Custom/ good (Hrs/A) Cost & Repairs Cost Rent Cost 0. 00 0. 14 0. 42 0. 15 0. 36 0. 00 0. 10 0. 25 0. 08 0. 08 0. 26 1. 83 0. 17 0. 33 0. 00 0. 16 3. 00 0. 61 0. 33 0. 25 0. 25 0. 03 0. 04 10. 00 0. 00 0. 04 0. 00 0. 07 0. 00 0. 50 0. 00 0. 00 0. 0 0. 00 0. 32 0. 32 16. 42 0. 10 0. 93 0. 46 1. 49 0. 00 0. 00 0 3 8 3 7 0 2 5 1 1 10 39 3 6 0 3 33 12 6 5 5 1 1 109 0 1 0 1 0 9 0 0 0 0 12 6 212 2 58 32 92 0 0 344 0 18 53 10 22 0 6 12 3 3 19 one hundred forty-five 7 13 0 6 0 21 13 15 12 1 2 0 0 2 0 3 0 17 0 0 0 0 8 0 122 4 177 34 215 0 0 482 0 0 0 0 0 79 0 42 12 13 0 146 36 13 354 9 18 0 112 0 0 5 0 107 1 0 15 20 0 0 5 4 27 2 0 0 727 0 0 0 0 14 14 887 7 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 165 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 50 0 3 1 6 0 0 0 231 0 0 0 0 0 0 239 7 20 61 13 29 81 8 59 16 17 28 338 46 33 519 19 51 32 131 20 17 6 3 216 1 3 21 24 50 27 7 4 33 2 20 6 1,292 6 235 66 308 14 14 66 2,017 1 17 0 25 70 294 6 4 6 423 2,440Operation planninglant territory provisionaration optical maser direct 4% of acreage Land Preparation stalk record book & flip over Land Preparation Subsoil & squiggle 2X Land Preparation discus & Roll Land Preparation Triplane 2X Land Preparation apply Gypsum on 20% of land area Land Preparation List Beds Land Preparation Shape & inseminate (11-52-0) weed hold Roundup & Goal Weed go out Roundup Weed ensure Cultivate 2X good PREPLANT cost heathenish hold in Bed & Starter fertilizer Mulch Beds & Apply Treflan (& Dual on 30% of land area) Transplant Tomatoes Weed lock Apply Matrix on 80% of Acreage Irrigate Sprinklers 1X Weed obtain Cultivate 3X Fertilize 150 Lbs N Sidedress chicane ruckles Mulch Beds D isease get the hang bacterial tip on 30% of Acreage Open Ditches Irrigate Furrow 8X Disease Control Late molest on 5% of Acreage Close Ditches Mite Control Sulfur on 70% of Acreage Fertilize 20 Lbs N on 20% of Acreage Weed Control Hand Hoe rationalise gear mechanism Vines Insect Control Aphid on 40% of Acreage Disease Control harvest-feast neutralise on 15% of Acreage Insect Control Worms Fruit Ripener Ethrel on 5% of Acreage pickup arm Truck Use (2 pickups) ATV Use intact CULTURAL COSTS Harvest Open Harvest pass on 8% of Acreage Harvest In Field Hauling natural crop COSTS Assessment Assessments/Fees keep down ASSESSMENT COSTS Interest on operating(a) Capital 6. 75% wide OPERATING COSTS/ACRE CASH OVERHEAD Liability Insurance Office Expense Field Sanitation Crop Insurance Field Supervisors Salary (2) Land Rent 12% of make Returns Property Taxes Property Insurance Investment Repairs wide-cut CASH OVERHEAD COSTS TOTAL CASH COSTS/ACRE Your Cost 008 Transplan ted Processing Tomato Cost and Returns Study Sacramento Valley UC Cooperative Extension 10 UC COOPERATIVE EXTENSION Table 1 go along NON-CASH OVERHEAD Investment Shop make Storage construction Fuel coolers & Pumps Shop Tools Booster Pumps Sprinkler piping main Line pipage 10 Semi Truck & Lowbed house trailer Pipe Trailers Truck-Service 2 Ton Generators & shed light on Fuel Wagons Closed Mix System Siphon Tubes machine toter Equipment TOTAL NON-CASH OVERHEAD COSTS TOTAL COSTS/ACRE Per producing Acre 25 10 8 5 21 52 28 12 12 13 3 1 2 4 3 755 953 Annual Cost -Capital Recovery 2 1 1 0 2 6 3 1 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 94 116 2 1 1 0 2 6 3 1 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 94 116 2,555 008 Transplanted Processing Tomato Cost and Returns Study Sacramento Valley UC Cooperative Extension 11 Table 2. UC COOPERATIVE EXTENSION COSTS and RETURNS PER ACRE to PRODUCE TOMATOES SACRAMENTO VALLEY 2008 TRANSPLANTED Labor Rate $15. 72/hr. machine labor $10. 88/hr. non-machine labor Interest Rate 6. 75% Yield per Acre 3 5. 0 Ton Price or Value or Cost/Unit Cost/Acre 70. 00 2,450 2,450 Your Cost Quantity/Acre Unit crude(a) RETURNS Processing Tomatoes 35. 00 TOTAL GROSS RETURNS FOR PROCESSING TOMATOES OPERATING COSTS Custom laser Level 0. 04 Gypsum lotion 0. 20 Transplanting 8. 70 Air covering Spray 10 gal/Acre 1. 60 Air Application Dust 28. 0 Fertilizer Gypsum 0. 60 11-52-0 100. 00 8-24-6 15. 00 Zinc Chelate 6% 2. 00 UN-32 150. 00 CAN 17 118. 00 weed killer Roundup Ultra 2. 50 Goal 2XL 3. 00 Dual Magnum 0. 45 Treflan HFP 1. 00 Matrix DF 0. 48 Seed Tomato Seed 10. 01 Transplant Transplants Growing 8. 70 Irrigation peeing 42. 00 Pump Fuel, Lube, & Repairs 1. 00 Fungicide Kocide 101 0. 60 Dithane DF 0. 60 Sulfur, Dust 98% 28. 00 Insecticide Bravo Weatherstik 0. 60 Warrior T 1. 54 Confirm 12. 00 Contract Contract Labor 5. 00 Growth Regulator Ethrel 0. 03 Assessment CDFA-CTVP 35. 00 CTGA 35. 00 CTRI 35. 00 PTAB 35. 00 Labor (machine) 9. 34 Labor (non-machine) 18. 08 Fuel Gas 1. 5 Fuel Diesel 77 . 61 Lube Machinery repair Interest on Operating Capital 6. 75% TOTAL OPERATING COSTS/ACRE illuminate RETURNS ABOVE OPERATING COSTS/ACRE Ton Acre Ton Thou Acre Lb Ton Lb Lb dry pint Lb N Lb dry pint FlOz Pint Pint Oz Thou Thou AcIn Acre Lb Lb Lb Pint FlOz FlOz minute of arc Gal Ton Ton Ton Ton Hrs Hrs Gal Gal 165. 00 7. 00 19. 00 6. 25 0. 20 132. 00 0. 419 2. 28 0. 913 0. 745 0. 171 8. 59 1. 03 18. 63 4. 84 19. 25 11. 00 28. 00 2. 67 13. 00 3. 62 3. 89 0. 55 7. 85 3. 05 2. 23 9. 99 63. 00 0. 019 0. 17 0. 07 0. 135 15. 72 10. 88 3. 57 3. 54 7 1 165 10 6 79 42 34 2 112 20 21 3 8 5 9 cx 244 112 13 2 2 15 5 5 27 50 2 1 6 2 5 147 197 7 275 42 159 66 2,017 406 008 Transplanted Processing Tomato Cost and Returns Study Sacramento Valley UC Cooperative Extension 12 UC COOPERATIVE EXTENSION Table 2 continued CASH OVERHEAD COSTS Liability Insurance Office Expense Field Sanitation Crop Insurance Field Supervisors Salary (2) Land Rent 12% of Gross Returns Property Taxes Property Insurance I nvestment Repairs TOTAL CASH OVERHEAD COSTS/ACRE TOTAL CASH COSTS/ACRE NON-CASH OVERHEAD COSTS (CAPITAL RECOVERY) Shop Building Storage Building Fuel army tanks & Pumps Shop Tools Booster Pumps Sprinkler Pipe Main Line Pipe 10 Semi Truck & Lowbed Trailer Pipe Trailers Truck-Service 2 Ton Generators & Light Fuel Wagons Closed Mix SystemSiphon Tubes Implement Carrier Equipment TOTAL NON-CASH OVERHEAD COSTS/ACRE TOTAL COSTS/ACRE NET RETURNS ABOVE TOTAL COSTS/ACRE 1 17 0 25 70 294 6 4 6 423 2,440 2 1 1 0 2 6 3 1 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 94 116 2,555 -105 2008 Transplanted Processing Tomato Cost and Returns Study Sacramento Valley UC Cooperative Extension 13 Table 3. UC COOPERATIVE EXTENSION MONTHLY CASH COST PER ACRE TO PRODUCE TOMATOES SACRAMENTO VALLEY 2008 TRANSPLANTED SEP 07 7 20 61 13 29 81 8 59 16 17 28 62 46 33 519 19 51 14 20 17 6 2 54 2 54 3 21 24 50 27 7 4 33 2 2 0 42 2 12 6 21 14 14 11 87 OCT 07 NOV 07 declivity 07 JAN 08 FEB MAR 08 08 APR MAY 08 08 JUN 08 JUL AUG 08 08 SEP 08 TOTA LBeginning SEP 07 Ending SEP 08 Preplant Laser Level 4% of Acreage Land Prep Stubble Disc & Roll Land Prep Subsoil & Roll 2X Land Prep Disc & Roll Land Prep Triplane 2X Land Prep Apply Gypsum on 20% of Acreage Land Prep List Beds Land Prep Shape Beds & Fertilize Weed Control Roundup & Goal Weed Control Roundup Weed Control Cultivate 2X TOTAL PREPLANT COSTS Cultural discipline Bed & Starter Fertilizer Mulch Beds & Apply weedkiller Transplant Tomatoes Weed Control Apply Matrix on 80% of Acreage Irrigate Sprinklers 1X Weed Control Cultivate 2X Fertilize 150 Lbs N Sidedress Chisel Furrows Mulch Beds Disease Control Bacterial Speck 30% of Acreage Open Ditches Irrigate Furrow 8X Disease Control Late Blight 5% of Acreage Close Ditches Mite Control Sulfur 70% of Acreage Fertilize 20 Lb N 20% of Acreage Weed Control Hand Hoe assure Vines Insect Control Aphids 40% of Acreage Disease Control Fruit Rot 15% of Acreage Insect Control Worms Confirm Fruit Ripener Ethr el 5% of Acreage tone arm Truck Use (2 pickups) ATV Use TOTAL CULTURAL COSTS Harvest Open Harvest Lane 8% of Acreage Harvest In Field Hauling TOTAL HARVEST COSTS Assessment Assessments/Fees TOTAL ASSESSMENT COSTS Interest on Operating Capital 6. 5% TOTAL OPERATING COSTS/ACRE OVERHEAD Liability Insurance Office Expense Field Sanitation Crop Insurance Field Supervisors Salary (2) Land Rent 12% of Gross Returns Property Taxes Property Insurance Investment Repairs TOTAL CASH OVERHEAD COSTS TOTAL CASH COSTS/ACRE 210 67 7 20 61 13 29 81 8 59 16 17 28 338 46 33 519 19 51 32 131 20 17 6 3 216 1 3 21 24 50 27 7 4 33 2 20 6 1,292 6 235 66 308 14 14 66 2,017 1 17 0 25 70 294 6 4 6 423 2,440 7 131 10 54 54 1 2 0 2 2 0 2 2 0 2 2 0 2 2 0 48 2 0 2 2 0 35 2 0 686 2 0 211 2 0 57 2 0 200 2 111 31 144 2 0 2 2 111 29 143 1 213 2 70 2 4 2 4 2 112 1 1 0 25 5 2 4 2 37 6 693 7 219 8 65 10 354 11 155 1 0 5 1 0 5 1 0 5 1 0 5 1 0 5 3 2 0 12 16 1 0 5 1 0 5 1 0 5 1 0 5 1 0 5 3 2 0 12 367 1 0 5 1 0 5 294 0 7 220 0 7 78 0 7 11 0 7 11 0 33 145 0 7 44 0 7 700 0 7 226 0 7 72 0 7 162 301 388 2008 Transplanted Processing Tomato Cost and Returns Study Sacramento ValleyUC Cooperative Extension 14 Table 4. UC COOPERATIVE EXTENSION WHOLE FARM yearly EQUIPMENT, INVESTMENT, AND BUSINESS OVERHEAD COSTS SACRAMENTO VALLEY 2008 TRANSPLANTED ANNUAL EQUIPMENT COSTS Cash Overhead Insurance Taxes 318 430 331 448 477 645 828 1,118 1,060 1,433 211 285 17 24 58 78 45 60 22 30 132 178 58 79 22 29 245 330 195 263 36 49 209 283 1,265 1,710 99 134 91 123 72 97 72 97 9 12 62 83 62 83 35 47 10 14 10 14 10 14 10 14 9 12 one hundred seventy-five 236 6 8 6 8 6 8 6 8 97 131 70 94 20 26 6,465 8,737 3,879 5,242 interpretation cx HP 2WD Tractor 130 HP 2WD Tractor 155 HP 2WD Tractor 200 HP dew worm 425 HP angleworm 92 HP 2WD Tractor ATV Bed Shaper 3 words cultivator Alloway 3 quarrel agriculturalist Perfecta 3 haggle Cultivator Performer 3 trend Cultivator 3 haggle Cultivator Sled 3 quarrel Disc Stubbl e 18 Disc Finish 25 Ditcher V Harvester Tomato Used Harvester -Tomato Lister 3 path Mulcher 15 Pickup Truck 1/2 Ton Pickup Truck 3/4 Ton empennage Blade 8 Rice peal 18 Flat Roller 18 Ringroller 30 weight down Tank three hundred congius accuse Tank ccc Gallon Saddle Tank three hundred Gallon Saddle Tank three hundred Gallon Spray Boom 25 Subsoiler 16 9 Shank Trailer bird Trailer dame Trailer Dolly Trailer Dolly Triplane 16 Vine Diverter Vine Trainer TOTAL 60% of New Cost * * Used to reflect a mix of new and used equipment. Yr 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 Price 66,445 69,163 99,594 172,650 221,197 44,015 4,017 13,292 10,236 5,100 30,281 11,868 4,980 49,847 44,743 8,631 46,108 331,980 20,176 20,507 17,655 17,655 2,269 14,139 14,139 7,952 2,374 2,374 2,374 2,374 1,781 35,605 1,451 1,451 1,451 1,451 22,253 16,046 4,800 1,444,424 866,654 Yrs Life 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 5 10 12 8 8 5 9 7 7 15 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 5 15 15 15 15 10 10 10Salvage Value 19,627 20,430 29,418 50,998 65,338 13,001 710 2,351 1,810 902 5,355 3,866 881 16,237 7,912 1,195 10,411 10,000 6,572 4,098 1,766 1,766 218 2,500 2,500 1,406 420 420 420 420 580 11,598 139 139 139 139 3,935 2,838 480 302,935 181,761 Capital Recovery 6,678 6,952 10,010 17,353 22,233 4,424 443 1,466 1,129 562 3,339 1,974 549 8,293 4,934 855 5,799 48,743 3,357 2,406 2,747 2,747 197 1,559 1,559 877 262 262 262 262 296 5,923 126 126 126 126 2,454 1,769 560 173,739 104,243 center 7,427 7,731 11,133 19,299 24,726 4,920 484 1,602 1,234 615 3,649 2,111 600 8,868 5,392 940 6,291 51,718 3,589 2,620 2,916 2,916 219 1,704 1,704 958 286 286 286 286 317 6,334 cxl 140 140 140 2,682 1,934 606 188,941 113,364 2008 Transplanted Processing Tomato Cost and Returns Study Sacramento Valley UC Cooperative Extension 15UC COOPERATIVE EXTENSION Table 4 continued ANNUAL INVESTMENT COSTS Cash Overhead Insurance Taxes Repairs 243 18 89 9 31 40 328 132 147 294 59 45 614 118 157 2,325 329 24 121 12 42 54 444 178 199 397 80 61 830 160 212 3,142 1,643 221 439 44 210 487 2,219 700 531 722 145 313 4,152 586 3,860 16,272 Description INVESTMENT Booster Pumps Closed Mix System Fuel Tanks & Pumps Fuel Wagons Generators & Light Implement Carrier Main Line Pipe 10 Pipe Trailers Semi Truck & Lowbed Trailer Shop Building Shop Tools Siphon Tubes Sprinkler Pipe Storage Building Truck-Service 2 Ton TOTAL INVESTMENT Price 59,757 4,412 21,949 2,186 7,620 9,742 80,676 35,000 36,170 72,168 14,465 11,066 150,980 29,112 38,600 573,903Yrs Life 10 10 20 10 5 15 10 10 15 25 20 15 10 20 5 Salvage Value 5,976 441 2,195 219 762 974 8,068 700 3,617 7,217 1,447 1,107 15,098 2,911 3,860 54,592 Capital Recovery 6,967 514 1,579 255 1,584 844 9,407 4,311 3,133 4,575 1,041 958 17,604 2,095 8,022 62,889 Total 9,182 778 2,228 320 1,867 1,424 12,398 5,322 4,010 5,988 1,324 1,377 23,201 2,959 12,252 84,629 ANNUAL BUSINESS OVERHEAD U nits/ Farm 900 2,900 900 900 2,900 2,900 Price/ Unit 25. 00 0. 48 70. 00 294. 00 0. 50 17. 41 Total Cost 22,500 1,392 63,000 264,600 1,450 50,489 Description Crop Insurance Field Sanitation Field Supervisors Salary (2) Land Rent 12% of Gross Returns Liability Insurance Office ExpenseUnit Acre Acre Acre Acre Acre Acre 2008 Transplanted Processing Tomato Cost and Returns Study Sacramento Valley UC Cooperative Extension 16 Table 5. UC COOPERATIVE EXTENSION HOURLY EQUIPMENT COSTS SACRAMENTO VALLEY 2008 TRANSPLANTED - COSTS PER HOUR - Cash Overhead Operating -InsurFuel & Total Total ance Taxes Repairs Lube Oper. Costs/Hr. 0. 13 0. 18 3. 12 25. 99 29. 11 32. 20 0. 17 0. 22 3. 25 30. 71 33. 96 37. 82 0. 24 0. 32 4. 67 36. 62 41. 29 46. 86 0. 31 0. 42 4. 63 47. 25 51. 88 59. 12 0. 40 0. 54 5. 93 100. 40 106. 33 cxv. 61 0. 11 0. 14 2. 06 30. 71 32. 77 35. 24 0. 05 0. 07 1. 09 0. 0 1. 09 2. 54 0. 17 0. 24 2. 87 0. 00 2. 87 7. 69 0. 13 0. 18 2. 21 0. 00 2. 21 5. 92 0. 07 0. 09 1. 05 0. 00 1 . 05 2. 90 0. 35 0. 47 6. 25 0. 00 6. 25 15. 98 0. 07 0. 09 2. 68 0. 00 2. 68 5. 05 0. 03 0. 05 1. 08 0. 00 1. 08 2. 03 0. 37 0. 50 8. 52 0. 00 8. 52 21. 85 0. 59 0. 79 7. 43 0. 00 7. 43 23. 64 0. 13 0. 18 2. 42 0. 00 2. 42 5. 84 0. 63 0. 85 2. 08 61. 07 63. 15 82. 07 1. 09 1. 47 124. 44 61. 07 185. 51 229. 90 0. 15 0. 21 4. 24 0. 00 4. 24 9. 76 0. 15 0. 20 2. 36 0. 00 2. 36 6. 67 0. 16 0. 22 1. 27 11. 97 13. 24 19. 81 0. 16 0. 22 1. 27 11. 97 13. 24 19. 81 0. 04 0. 06 0. 31 0. 00 0. 31 1. 30 0. 19 0. 25 1. 63 0. 00 1. 63 6. 76 0. 14 0. 9 1. 63 0. 00 1. 63 5. 52 0. 10 0. 14 0. 91 0. 00 0. 91 3. 79 0. 03 0. 04 0. 64 0. 00 0. 64 1. 47 0. 13 0. 17 0. 64 0. 00 0. 64 4. 14 0. 05 0. 07 0. 64 0. 00 0. 64 2. 00 0. 02 0. 02 0. 64 0. 00 0. 64 1. 07 0. 02 0. 02 0. 49 0. 00 0. 49 1. 12 0. 26 0. 35 8. 32 0. 00 8. 32 17. 83 0. 01 0. 01 0. 11 0. 00 0. 11 0. 28 0. 01 0. 01 0. 11 0. 00 0. 11 0. 28 0. 01 0. 01 0. 11 0. 00 0. 11 0. 28 0. 01 0. 01 0. 11 0. 00 0. 11 0. 28 0. 16 0. 21 3. 43 0. 00 3. 43 7 . 74 0. 17 0. 23 2. 78 0. 00 2. 78 7. 57 0. 04 0. 05 2. 88 0. 00 2. 88 4. 03 Yr 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07Description 110 HP 2WD Tractor 130 HP 2WD Tractor 155 HP 2WD Tractor 200 HP Crawler 425 HP Crawler 92 HP 2WD Tractor ATV Bed Shaper 3 path Cultivator Alloway 3 Row Cultivator Perfecta 3 Row Cultivator Performer 3 Row Cultivator 3 Row Cultivator Sled 3 Row Disc Stubble 18 Disc Finish 25 Ditcher V Harvester Tomato Used Harvester -Tomato Lister 9 Row Mulcher 15 Pickup Truck 1/2 Ton Pickup Truck 3/4 Ton Rear Blade 8 Rice Roller 18 Flat Roller 18 Ringroller 30 Saddle Tank three hundred Gallon Saddle Tank 300 Gallon Saddle Tank 300 Gallon Saddle Tank 300 Gallon Spray Boom 25 Subsoiler 16 9 Shank Trailer Dolly Trailer Dolly Trailer Dolly Trailer Dolly Triplane 16 Vine Diverter Vine Trainer Actual Hours Capital Used Recovery 1,443. 2 2. 78 1,200. 0 3. 48 1,199. 3 5. 01 1 ,599. 4 6. 51 1,599. 8 8. 34 1,199. 2 2. 21 199. 5 1. 33 199. 5 4. 41 199. 8 3. 39 199. 8 1. 69 225. 1 8. 90 533. 0 2. 22 380. 0. 87 399. 2 12. 46 199. 5 14. 84 165. 2 3. 10 199. 4 17. 45 699. 0 41. 84 390. 0 5. 16 365. 4 3. 95 266. 5 6. 18 266. 5 6. 18 132. 2 0. 89 199. 2 4. 70 262. 5 3. 56 199. 5 2. 64 206. 6 0. 76 49. 1 3. 20 126. 0 1. 25 401. 9 0. 39 299. 4 0. 59 399. 5 8. 90 499. 6 0. 15 499. 7 0. 15 499. 3 0. 15 499. 7 0. 15 373. 8 3. 94 241. 9 4. 39 315. 0 1. 07 2008 Transplanted Processing Tomato Cost and Returns Study Sacramento Valley UC Cooperative Extension 17 Table 6. UC COOPERATIVE EXTENSION RANGING ANALYSIS SACRAMENTO VALLEY 2008 TRANSPLANTED COSTS PER ACRE AT VARYING YIELDS FOR PROCESSING TOMATOES YIELD (TONS/ACRE) 26. 0 29. 0 32. 0 35. 0 38. 0 41. OPERATING COSTS/ACRE Preplant Cost 338 338 338 338 338 338 Cultural Cost 1292 1,292 1,292 1,292 1,292 1,292 Harvest Cost 228 255 281 308 334 360 Assessment Cost 14 14 14 14 14 14 Interest on Operating Capital TOTAL OPERAT ING COSTS/ACRE TOTAL OPERATING COSTS/TON CASH OVERHEAD COSTS/ACRE TOTAL CASH COSTS/ACRE TOTAL CASH COSTS/TON NON-CASH OVERHEAD COSTS/ACRE TOTAL COSTS/ACRE TOTAL COSTS/TON 65 1937 74 422 2359 91 113 2472 95 65 1,964 68 422 2,386 82 114 2,500 86 65 1,990 62 423 2,413 75 115 2,528 79 66 2,017 58 423 2,440 70 116 2,555 73 66 2,044 54 423 2,466 65 117 2,583 68 66 2,071 51 423 2,493 61 117 2,611 64 44. 0 338 1,292 387 14 67 2,097 48 423 2,520 57 118 2,638 60NET RETURNS PER ACRE ABOVE OPERATING COSTS FOR PROCESSING TOMATOES price YIELD (DOLLARS/TON) (TONS/ACRE) Processing Tomatoes 26. 0 29. 0 32. 0 35. 0 38. 0 41. 0 44. 0 55. 00 -507 -369 -230 -92 46 184 323 60. 00 -377 -224 -70 83 236 389 543 65. 00 -247 -79 90 258 426 594 763 70. 00 -117 66 250 433 616 799 983 75. 00 13 211 410 608 806 1,004 1,203 80. 00 143 356 570 783 996 1,209 1,423 85. 00 273 501 730 958 1,186 1,414 1,643 NET RETURNS PER ACRE ABOVE CASH COSTS FOR PROCESSING TOMATOES PRICE YIELD (DOLLARS/TON) (TONS/ACRE) Processing T omatoes 26. 0 29. 0 32. 0 35. 0 38. 0 41. 0 44. 0 55. 00 -929 -791 -653 -515 -376 -238 -100 60. 00 -799 -646 -493 -340 -186 -33 120 65. 0 -669 -501 -333 -165 4 172 340 70. 00 -539 -356 -173 10 194 377 560 75. 00 -409 -211 -13 185 384 582 780 80. 00 -279 -66 147 360 574 787 1,000 85. 00 -149 79 307 535 764 992 1,220 NET RETURNS PER ACRE ABOVE TOTAL COSTS FOR PROCESSING TOMATOES PRICE YIELD (DOLLARS/TON) (TONS/ACRE) Processing Tomatoes 26. 0 29. 0 32. 0 35. 0 38. 0 41. 0 44. 0 55. 00 -1,042 -905 -768 -630 -493 -356 -218 60. 00 -912 -760 -608 -455 -303 -151 2 65. 00 -782 -615 -448 -280 -113 54 222 70. 00 -652 -470 -288 -105 77 259 442 75. 00 -522 -325 -128 70 267 464 662 80. 00 -392 -180 32 245 457 669 882 85. 00 -262 -35 192 420 647 874 1,102 2008 Transplanted Processing Tomato Cost and Returns StudySacramento Valley UC Cooperative Extension 18 Table 7. UC COOPERATIVE EXTENSION COSTS AND RETURNS/ BREAKEVEN ANALYSIS SACRAMENTO VALLEY 2008 TRANSPLANTED COSTS AND RETURNS PER ACRE BASIS 1. Gross Returns Crop Processing Tomatoes 2,450 2,017 2. Operating Costs 3. lolly Returns supra Oper. Costs (1-2) 433 4. Cash Costs 2,440 5. Net Returns supra Cash Costs (1-4) 10 6. Total Costs 2,555 7. Net Returns Above Total Costs (1-6) -105 COSTS AND RETURNS TOTAL ACREAGE 1. Gross Returns Crop Processing Tomatoes 1,543,500 2. Operating Costs 1,270,748 3. Net Returns Above Oper. Costs (1-2) 272,752 4. Cash Costs 1,536,994 5. Net Returns Above Cash Costs (1-4) 6,506 6.Total Costs 1,609,965 7. Net Returns Above Total Costs (1-6) -66,465 BREAKEVEN PRICES PER YIELD UNIT Base Yield (Units/Acre) 35. 0 Yield Units Ton Breakeven Price To Cover -Operating Cash Total Costs Costs Costs $ per Yield Unit 57. 63 69. 70 73. 01 CROP Processing Tomatoes BREAKEVEN YIELDS PER ACRE Yield Units Ton Base Price ($/Unit) 70. 00 Breakeven Yield To Cover -Operating Cash Total Costs Costs Costs Yield Units / Acre -28. 8 34. 9 36. 5 CROP Processing Tomatoes 2008 Transplanted Processing Tomato Cost and Returns Study Sacramento Valley UC Cooperative Extension 19 Table 8.UC COOPERATIVE EXTENSION DETAILS OF OPERATIONS SACRAMENTO VALLEY 2008 TRANSPLANTED Operation Laser Level 4% Of Acreage Land Prep Stubble Disc & Roll Land Prep Subsoil & Roll 2X Land Prep Disc & Roll Land Prep Triplane 2X Land Prep Apply Gypsum on 20% of Acreage Land Prep List Beds Land Prep Shape Beds & Fertilize Weed Control Roundup & Goal Weed Control Roundup Weed Control Cultivate 2X Condition Beds & Apply Starter Fertilizer Power Mulch & Apply Herbicides Treflan (& Dual on 30% of Acreage) Transplant Tomatoes Operation Month family September Tractor/ Power Unit Custom 425 HP Crawler Implement Laser Level Disc Stubble 18 Rice Roller 18 Subsoiler 16 9 Shank Disc Finish 25 Ringroller 30 Triplane 16 Broadcast Material Material Rate/Acre Unit 0. 04 Acre September 425 HP Crawler 200 HP Crawler September 200 HP Crawler September Gypsum Application October October January January January 200 HP Crawl er 155 HP 2WD Tractor 130 HP 2WD Tractor 130 HP 2WD Tractor 110 HP 2WD Tractor 92 HP 2WD Tractor 110 HP 2WD Tractor 130 HP 2WD Tractor CustomGypsum Lister 9 Row Bed Shaper 3 Row Saddle Tank 300 Gallon Saddle Tank 300 Gallon Spray Boom 25 Saddle Tank 300 Gallon Spray Boom 25 Cultivator Alloway 3 Row Cultivator Perfecta 3 Row Cultivator Performer 3 Row Mulcher 15 Saddle Tank 300 Gallon 0. 20 Ton 11-52-0 Zinc Chelate Roundup Ultra Goal 2 XL Roundup Ultra 100. 00 2. 00 1. 00 3. 00 1. 50 Lb Pint Pint FlOz Pint January shew April Weed Control Apply Matrix on 80% of Acreage Irrigate Sprinklers 1X Weed Control Cultivate 3X April April April April May May April May April April July April May June July June 130 HP 2WD Tractor Fertilize 150 Lbs N Sidedress Chisel Furrows Mulch Beds Disease Control Bacterial Speck on 30% of Acreage Open Ditches Irrigate Furrow 8X 10 HP 2WD Tractor 110 HP 2WD Tractor 110 HP 2WD Tractor 130 HP 2WD Tractor 200 HP Crawler 155 HP 2WD Tractor 130 HP 2WD Tractor 200 HP Crawler 200 HP Crawler Saddle Tank 300 Gallon Cultivator Sled 3 Row Labor Cultivator Sled 3 Row Cultivator Sled 3 Row Cultivator 3 Row Cultivator Sled 3 Row Saddle Tank 300 Gallon Cultivator 3 Row Cultivator Sled 3 Row Saddle Tank 300 Gallon Ditcher V Ditcher V Labor Labor Labor Labor 8-24-6 Treflan HFP Dual Magnum Tomato Seed Transplants Growing Transplanting Matrix DF urine 15. 00 1. 00 0. 45 10. 44 8. 70 8. 70 0. 48 2. 00 Lb Pint Pint Thou Thou Thou Oz AcIn UN-32 150. 00 Lbs N Kocide 101 Dithane DF 0. 60 0. 60 Lb Lb Disease Control Late Blight on 5% of Acreage Close DitchesAir Application Spray 200 HP Crawler 200 HP Crawler Air Application Dust 130 HP 2WD Tractor Contract Labor 110 HP 2WD Tractor Air Application Spray Rear Blade 8 Rear Blade 8 Cultivator Sled 3 Row Saddle Tank 300 Gallon Vine Trainer pee Water Water Water Bravo Weatherstik 10. 00 10. 00 10. 00 10. 00 0. 15 AcIn AcIn AcIn AcIn Pint July July Mite Control Sulfur on 70% of Acreage July Fertilize 20 Lbs N on 20% of Acreage July Weed Control Hand Hoe Train Vines Insect Control Aphids on 40% of Acreage Disease Control Fruit Rot on 15% of Acreage Insect Control Worms Fruit Ripener Ethrel on 5% of Acreage Open Harvest Lane on 8% of Acreage July July July Sulfur, Dust 98% CAN 17 Labor Warrior T Bravo Weatherstik Confirm 28. 00 118. 00 5. 00 1. 54 0. 45 12. 00 0. 03

Chiaroscuro in The Scarlet Letter and “The Fall of the House of Usher” Essay

Mother, said light uptle beading, the fair weather does non love you. It runs away and hides itself, because it is afraid of something on your bosom. In Nathaniel Hawthornes The red Letter, Hester Prynne has attached the wickedness of adultery and wears a scarlet A on her actors assistant to condemn her. Hawthorne rears the personalities of Hester Prynne, pull together, and Arthur Dimmesdale by u overstepg the function of light and dark images in his writing. In Edgar Allan Poes The F solely of The House of Usher, the House of Usher is presented in the eyeball of the fibber as a dark, foreboding house, and in an effort to tenableness in order to see things in a brighter light, relishs into a mirror, however looking back at him are the eye-like windows of that dark and begrimed house. Poe uses chiaroscuro to stockpile light images of the subject and then turn them into dark parallels. Throughout The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne uses the literary device of Chiaroscuro to r epresent the development of his characters while similarly Poe uses the proficiency in The Fall of the House of Usher to develop his gloomy themes and colourless settings.Hawthorne uses chiaroscuro to show Hester Prynne as a woman whose sin has overtaken her, and do her impure. bingle example of this is The mothersmedium through which were transmitted to the unborn infant the rays of its moral purport and however white and clear originally, they had taken the deep stains of crimson and gold, the eruptive luster, the black shadow, and the untempered light, of the intervening substance. This quote shows that Hesters sin was so powerful, that it had absent-minded into Pearl sluice before she was born. Another quote that shows the depth of Hesters sin is The light lingered about the al peerless(p) child, as if glad of such a playmate, until her mother had drawn intimately nigh enough to step into the thaumaturgy mountain toothe sunshine vanished. The quote shows that even the sunshine discriminates and knows Hesters impurity. Hawthorne brings out Hesters ability by having to deal with the shame and weight of her sin.Hawthorne illustrates Pearl as beautiful and radiant using chiaroscuro. Pearls own proper beauty, shining through the gorgeous robes which strength have extinguished a paler loveliness, that t here was an absolute circle of radiance around her, on the darksome cottage-floor. This suggests that Pearls radiance was so great that it lit up the things around her. Anotherexample of her beauty shown through chiaroscuro is Pearl stood, looking so stedfastly at them through the dim medium of the forest-gloom, herself, meanwhile, all glorified with a ray of sunshine. This portrays that even though the forest and quite a little around her appear gloomy, she remains luminescent. In addition, The light lingered about the lonely child, as if glad of such a playmate, until her mother had drawn most nigh enough to step into the magic circle toothe sunsh ine vanished. The sunshine discriminates against Pearls mother and others because they are impure and not worthy of its light.Minister Dimmesdale is pictured as a feeble man through Hawthornes use of chiaroscuro. some(prenominal) Arthur and Hester must carry their guilt, and never get over the weight of the sin however, The Minister is not as strong of a person as Hester and physically emaciates. The shadow of Dimmesdales figure which the sunlight cast upon the floor, was tremulous with the transport of his appeal. With that, Hawthorne shows that the sin is so merciless that it literally destroys him. Throughout the novel, Hawthorne shows Arthurs health declining, as his guilt steadily increases.Poes The Fall of The House of Usher begins on one dull, dark, and soundless day in the autumn of the year. From the very beginning, the reader, as a result of Poes imagery, is aware of a sense of terminal and decay. Even the narrator describes a sense of insufferable gloom pervaded his c haracter as he approached the House of Usher. The term House of Usher refers not only to the crumbling mansion but also to the remaining family members who live within.The narrator begins his description of the room with images of glowing light and Feeble gleams of encrimsoned light made their way through the trellised panes, and served to render sufficiently distinct the more great(p) objects around the eye. Then this light vanishes and darkness appears when the light struggled in shadowy to reach the remoter angles of the chamber, or the recesses of the vaulted and fretted ceiling. Dark draperies hung upon the walls. Clearly here is a transition present from light to dark.The narrator reasons that if he could look at things differently or in a brighter light, he might be able to change it, but when he looks into the lake he sees, with even more fear before, a mirror image of the house in all its darkness.In The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne effectively uses contrasts light and dark images to develop the personalities of Hester, Pearl, and Dimmesdale. Hawthorne uses chiaroscuro to show the depth of Hesters guilt and strength of rig her sin and Arthurs secret. Pearl is characterized as radiant through Hawthornes vibrant descriptions of her beauty. He uses the sun to quarter the purity of Pearl. Hawthorne uses shadows to depict how Arthur is a meager man compared to Hester, also bearing the sin.Hawthorne portrays Arthur deteriorating from his guilt, while Hester pushes herself to live on and try to overcome it, still forever and a day bearing its weight and pain. Poe uses images of light turning into dark to present his gloomy settings and themes. The House of Usher as first being described in light converts to dark images. Chiaroscuro is effectively used by Hawthorne to develop the personalities of his characters and by Poe to clearly present his dark settings and themes.

Gattaca Essay Writing Notes

Gattaca presents a institution destroyed by the pursual of perfection. Do you agree? * What is the pursuit of perfection? * How is the solid ground destroyed? * What is gattaca? 1) Everyone is the kindred there be no individuals the lot be sexless, no temperament 2) The pursuit of perfection leaves people accept that their genetic make up is what allows them acquire their ambitions, they drive home low self esteem.People who fail to achieve perfectionism passel suffer from a lot of mental pressure in any case punishing to seek the much needed help from other people as people dislike to be seen as imperfect 3) Segregates the valids from the in-valids because valids be seen as perfection and in-valids, varment. lack of empathy and compassion. People who are not perfect are disadvantagd eg. Kids wanting to go to kinder Gattaca, the not too distant future world of Andrew Niccol, is a world that is destroyed by the pursuit of perfection due to the science of genetic se lection.This is often resembled by the fact that there are no individuals, the beings in this movie are almost sexless, shake off a limited personality and behave in a uniform manner. It too leaves people believing that their genetic makeup is what allows them to achieve their ambitions, or in the case of Irene and Vincent, prevent them from achieving their life goals. Genetic selection also segregates the valids, people who have had their genetics chosen, and the in-valids, children from faith births where their genetic selection was left up to fate.In todays world, everyone is accepted as an individual and is nurtured however in Gattaca, individuality almost ceases to exist. Society may be perceived as sexless and uniform, physically and sensationally. The people also lack personality and emotion everyone acts the same, dresses the same and rarely show emotion. Throughout the movie whilst inside the world of Gattaca the true colours of various characters are rarely revealed.It i snt until Vincent and Irenes date that we see the real personality of both of these characters as they let loose and accept eachother for who they are in spite of the fact that both have imperfections, which often prevent them from being themselves and achieving their goals. The pursuit of perfection leaves the people of Gattaca believing that their genetic makeup is what sight allow, or prevent them from achieving their ambitions. In this futuristic world, your blood is your resume Blood has no nationality.As tenacious as it has got what theyre looking for its the just passport you need. As long as you have no imperfections and obtain the qualities that are required for a certain job you are almost guaranteed to get it. However in the case of Vincent, his genetics were determined by fate and the people nigh him always said that he would never be able to achieve his ambition of one day going into space because of his imperfections as an in-valid. azoic on he was told by one o f the heads of Gattaca Look, the only way you will see the inside of a spaceship is if youre cleaning it. . This quote only fuelled Vincent to strive until he won his battle. Vincent was solid and determined, even as a young child, and he went to massive lengths to tick that he could live his life to the full, So began the process of becoming Jerome despite the fact that the pursuit of perfection caused his kind, in-valids, and valids to become strongly segregated and he suffered from a large amount of mental pressure. Genetic selection also causes a segregation issue in Gattaca.Valids, the people in hunting lodge who have had their imperfections eliminated from their bodies, and In-valids, people who were born what is known today as of course where their genetics are left up to fate. We now have dissimilitude down to a science. In-valids are treated as vermin and are not accepted as a part of society. When the members of Gattaca are onto the fact that there is an in-valid work ing at the space station, * We now have discrimination down to a science. Intro must include text edition/film title author/director, your response to the topic/contention (response to the question) Eg.In Niccols not too distant future world of Gattaca, your genetic buy off often makes it impossible for many to live their dreams. However, Vincent Freeman shows us that with last and luck, ti is possible to achieve your ambitions. Other more genetically, able characters such as Anton, Irene and Jerome show that genes dont always guarantee success. paratrooper 1In the world of Gattaca, those with inferior genetic makeup in the main find it close to impossible to control their destinies.Para 2Even those with tops(predicate) genetic make-up sometimes struggle to achieve their goals in such a perfect world. Eg. Irene, Anton, Jerome. (Lamars son) Para 3Genetic make-up can be overcome with determination and an element of luck. Eg. Vincent once he finds Jerome. findingSum up your co ntention Avoid word for word re-stating it. assort back to the question/essay topic and do not channel up new topics. *conclusion, not the same as contention, 40-50 words uttermost *avoid saying its impossible and being too overpowering

The Development of Route 128 in Boston

In my composing I bequeath show how the development of R practise ine 128 in capital of momma, momma started, and how it exists today. capital of commodeachusetts has changed through break through the years in its Renewal reform in spite of appearance its planning of the city mainly on route 128 as sound as opposite study routes though out capital of Massachusetts. capital of Massachusetts had m all an(prenominal) a(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) an(prenominal) changes make within the neighborhoods, which receive, major routes in which effected the nation lives as well as their living conditions. In some cases good in others for the worse. It separated and defined districts in which it no longer keeps the city as a whole.capital of Massachusetts is a set of distinctly different districts and neighborhoods, each with its own defining identity and unique characteristics. Boston as a whole, benefits from the contributions from each of these argonas and it is truly wha t gives the city its charm and unique differences. However, it had no other choice but to confront a major problem in which it had to face. Massachusetts lacked an organized framework within its planning of cities and routes. The correlation in the midst of these neighborhoods has been an ongoing problem, which argon organism resolved.Even though Boston is qualification the changes which they feel are necessary, there are a few cases that are not being updated or corrected, and in many cases it has gotten worse imputable to the poor layout or problems that take hold arisen. On the other hand, Boston has many successful neighborhoods that are successful entities, and also hold a surd sense of self identify. But at the present eon, there are cranial orbits that are inaccessible. This le ads to a disordered city that can be to a greater extent enjoyed and appreciated if it had a lovesomeer structureThe characteristic of Boston as a collection of neighborhoods is due to its incr ease speed in addition from the days of its settlement in 1630. Unlike the many traditional American cities, which are usually based on an orthogonal grid, Boston never had a long-term strategy towards planning. The Boston field of operation did however grow, modified itself, and evolved in a reactionary counselling as expert advancements came somewhat which affected society as a whole. The original Shawmut peninsula, which at wizard point contained all of Boston, now only constitutes a fraction of the land mess hall of the city.A major portion of the city today exists on landfill claimed from the Boston harbor and Charles River. Expansion and development created the get hold of for much land area. The patronage Bay, West discontinue, and much of south Boston are examples of this growth. As these areas were created they added to the breathing city but they also had their own distinctiveness, which added to the other surrounding towns as well as Boston on a whole. These new created towns, were and are positive in many slipway but they were never rattling integrated into the existing city central mainframe.This lead to aking Boston a bit much disorganized. Thus, solving some problems, but creating others. Within the by fifty years the construction of the main central city of Boston in the 1950s and the urban renewal projects beginning in the 1960s inflated this urban problem. The suburbiaanization of America within its cites and related migration of city inhabitants to border towns created a need for grow automobile transportation in cities throughout the United States. In reaction to this, major routes and high-pitchedways were constructed to connect suburban life to the cities.This boost more slew to move out of the city, but not as far-off away(predicate) that they couldnt maintain their jobs within the main city. Boston had been changing from its historical and original focus as a port city to a city based on business and finance. T he routes and central pathway was mean to assist this growth, and make the downtown more accessible. Bostons West End is adept of the most documented neighborhoods destroyed by urban renewal. Around 60% of the families, which were displaced by the urba n renewal were Hispanic or Blacks. West End was mainly working class Italians.It had narrow streets and had a large arrive of social life within it. This situation was viewed as un-American for set class standards of city planners, which lead it to be demolished around 1959, and was replaced with high rises and expensive a bulgement buildings. The highway that city planners created lead to growth in and out of the city, and now in the modern era with changes in society, it became a necessity in our modern civilization. The routes circle around Boston (I-128 & I-95) and burn down though the city (I-90) like a foreign object.Cutting its way through Boston, it also broke up the city as a whole, creating boundaries betwixt the citie s, the harbor front, north end, and downtown. Boston had created a larger suburb for itself and pulled away from its history of being one of the most highly use water port that brook been used for years. What was at one time considered one of the largest ports in the country was being abandoned and forgotten about. The mass departure from urban areas throughout the country led to an identity crisis for many urban areas. In response, The Federal Urban Renewal Program was created.Boston was a leader in this movement, and had several projects gain nationwide recognition. The Boston Redevelopment Authority approached the renewal in a way that would at last prove detrimental. The B. R. A. designated separate districts for administrative and funding reasons. Each district was dealt with as a separate entity with regards to their individual needs. A good comparison would be ti Valley, CA and send off 128, MA, which are considered two of the premiere proficient concentrations, not onl y in the United States, but also in the knowledge domain.These are move that since World War II have been devoted to the initiation of new in composition technology. By comparing the two regions I will try to show the different manner by which an economic whole can attain success in the information revolution, and point out which strategies are most valuable to long-term success. Many people have attributed the success of the Valley primarily to the influence of nearby institutions of higher education, specially Stanford University.In the 1920s, administrators at Stanford sought to improve the prestige of their institution by hiring highly respected faculty members from East Coast universities. One crucial recruit was Fred Terman, an electrical engineer from MIT. Like many of his colleagues, he performed stylish research in electronics. Unlike many other members of the faculty, though, he encouraged his students to sell applications of these new-technologies in the marketpla ce. By providing funds and equipment, Terman enabled two of his first recruits, David Hewlett and William Packard, to market the audio-oscillator in the late 1930s.After selling their first oscillators to Disney Corporation, they reinvested their earnings and expanded both their products and their range of customers. In 1950, twelve years after its founding, Hewlett-Packard had cc employees and sold 70 different products with sales over $2 million. It pioneered the formation of a distinctive Silicon Valley management style, treating workers as family members. many workers have sought to duplicate Hewlett-Packards management style. In 1954, they accepted an spree by Stanford University to rent part of Stanford Research Park for their operations.This brought together divers(a) industries in Palo Alto. Many other firms subsequently rented other plots of land to tug advantage of proximity to the university. Stanford Research Park, through the efforts of a few influential professors and university administrators, became the nucleus of the budding Silicon Valley. By the 1980s, the entire park had been rented out to area firms. This rapid rise of technology reflects itself in the organization of Silicon Valley. The people who began or were employed in these new firms considered themselves as technological trailblazers.The residents of this technological society were, a fast(a)ly homogenous group w make headwaye, male, Stanford or MIT educated engineers who migrated to California from other regions of the country. As modern-day pioneers, they were especially antiphonary to risky ventures that had the potential for great rewards. As people in the region became occupationally mobile, their roles became interchangeable employers become employees and co-workers can become competitors. The result is that the engineers developed strong loyalties to technology and their fellow engineers and scientists while possessing far slight al stageiance to a single firmThe tradit ional delineations between employers and employees were not so precipitate as on the East Coast, and in some cases they disappeared entirely. Beginning with Hewlett and Packard, many of the Silicon Valley companies sought a much more interactional environment between employers and employees. Decentralization of powers followed. With respect to its industrial emphasis (electronics), the lane 128 region around Boston presents a study in severalise in terms of its historical development, geography, community life, and degree of interconnectivity between firms. analogous to Silicon Valley, the development of electronics-related companies on the 65-mile highway surrounding Boston and Cambridge in the areas major research universities was influenced by academia, industry, and government. The professors and graduate students in the universities devote their energies toward a greater understanding of the world around them. The government, particularly federal agencies such(prenominal) as the Department of defence and the National scientific discipline Foundation, provides the financial patronage for the academicians to test the hypothesis and perform the experiments.The firms would then produce the physical expressions of these ideas for the marketplace. The Massachusetts bestow of Technology, like its counterpart in Palo Alto, has engaged in world class scientific research and has produced some of the best engineers in the country. The Institute has sought to provide the theoretical and practical foundations for its students to make major contributions to society. maculation doing so, it has engaged in a seemingly endless number of advancements and has move to reach out to large companies in Massachusetts and outside the realm as well as participate in many federal and state-run projects.The Federal government, to a much greater extent in this state than in California, has provided the fuel for the regions expansion. By the late 1990s, Massachusetts was o ne of the go by five states in terms of federal research resources granted. The Department of Defense itself has accounted for over 60% of federal research and development spending in the state. Consequently, the large firms have profited most. In the 1970s and 80s, Raytheon became one of the most grand contractors for the Department of Defense EG&G Inc. has filled several contracts for NASA. some(prenominal) subatomic organizations in this Beltway have been created to solely fill government orders. Organizations ranging from the National Science Foundation (NSF) to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to the Department of push (DOE) provided universities and firms millions of dollars for research. Whole new industries have sprung up from these efforts computers, biotechnology, and artificial intelligence, among others. The third leg of this technological triangle, complementing the universities and government agencies, is industry itself.By 1990, the state contained over 3,000 high-technology firms. Some companies stand as the pillars of the 128 community Digital Equipment Corporation, Raytheon, and Lotus Development. These companies produced a disproportionate share of the regions income contemporaries As they grew, so too did the accompanying forces service firms. The communities in which the high-tech enterprises sprung up, towns such as Burlington, Lexington, and Cambridge have established grow in eastern Massachusetts going back centuries.Companies such as DEC and Lotus Development are in many ways just descendants of other industrial titans that have crowded this area for over 150 years. The structures of Boston society have resulted in relatively stable and conservative hold on certain aspects of its residents life. Engineers who have worked on both coasts report a much greater divide between work and play on the East Coast. Entrepreneurs such as ken Olsen at DEC and An Wang at Wang industries who succeeded did not change their lifestyles in any radical way.Olsen, for example, avoided most social gatherings, remained a teetotaler, lived in a small home, and continued to drive an old Ford to work. He and other area CEOs did not live the same high profile lives in Boston that their counterparts did in Silicon Valley. The lack of role models and less developed cozy social contacts may have constrained the amount of new companies that were created in the 1970s and 1980s. The defense industry, hiring practices, and the regions geography all conspired to reinforce this traditionalism. The volume of military purchases encouraged corporate separateness.The h iring of management differs substantially from Silicon Valley. In Massachusetts, older individuals, usually wedded to the status-quo, are often selected for exe rapive positions Managers in Silicon Valley, often in their twenties and thirties, are much more likely to experiment with organization. Geography also plays a role. The firms were more parcel out out around metropolitan Boston than comparable companies in California, change magnitude the probability of interaction. Communication between company and town is even less prevalent.Many large companies such as DEC have well-nigh no ties to the towns in which they were located. The hierarchies within companies are extremely rigid. The manager created firms with interwoven and sophisticated organizational patterns that employed individuals to be loyal first and inaugural to the company. In return for the loyalty, employees expected that hard work would enable them to hang-up employed in the firm and rise through the ranks, culminating in privacy with a large pension. Employers are generally wary of hiring an engineer or programmer who has left another firm after only a few years.At the same time, significant status differences exist. The hierarchy of positions and the means of formal communication within the firm, on with the structure of salaries and benefits, developed s trong delineations within the firm. At DEC, for example, the company centralized many of its prominent functions and a small group of individuals made the decisions, namely Ken Olson (the CEO). The companies attempt to impute many of their procedures. This vertical integration often includes software design, component, peripheral, and subsystem production, and final assembly.In short, dispatch 128 firms are much more settled and centralized affairs than the scientists and engineers in northern California. Their histories, attitudes, and strategies have created technological societies similar in products construct but very different in their economic and social appearance. With the intrusion of the computer generation big named companies bought land off of this highway. This lead to an capacious clotting into Route 128, which is considered the edge of Boston (it circles around the main downtown metropolitan area). Route 128 became a big commodity to the new generation of large computer technology based industries.The highway began to get clog up, with the intrusion of new businesses. All these new businesses in turn lead to major traffic jams. Real estate around route 128 increased dramatically, which appealed more to the upper middle class. Large apartment complexes around the area were consecutive created. With the suppression of the new renewals to towns in Boston as well as the downtown city, a lot of opportunities arose to deal with the large amount of issues that had come from linkages between the various neighborhoods within the main city.Each town is being dealt with, but with respect to its own uniqueness, and its contribution toward making Boston more unified within. Despite the rapid growth of the towns around route 128, it hit a point where the business industry came to a blind alley in the 90s. Things that lead to this sudden halt, was due to the region from northern Rhode Island to southern new-fashioned Hampshire, which ran out of pl ace for expansional development that maintained and held up the large exposit for this hot area..Existing companies couldnt expand more, which meant less jobs were being offered to the large amounts of people migrating for jobs from these companies. As the companies grew with time, there became higher demand for their products. Another factor to the standstill in business expansion was due to other large companies which where not based around Route 128 (such as Compaq in Houston, Texas, and Microsoft in Seattle) which made huge profits and revenue. This distant competition drew attention away from the hub.By the end of the 20th Century, Boston was at maximum expertness and could not lend itself anymore to expansion. Route 128 was one of the first beltways make in America. Its ten-mile radius circles the Boston area in an arc shape. bordering by is route I-495 that is goes from Rhode Island and ends closely to the beginning of New Hampshire. Both the belts have many intersections throughout its span that lead from downtown Boston and into the smell of the states which boarders around. With all the intersections that go through these routes a high capacity of people can access these major belts.This was the reason for the success and decline of The Hub. The littler stores and companies such as the food industry, benefited from the large companies due to its high employee commonwealth servicing the smaller businesses. With the success of Route 128, some towns have big(a) out of the heavily used belts like Quincy-Braintree. Since the companies couldnt build anymore on the belt, they moved some of their departments a bit further from the main headquarters, to areas which are easily assessable from many other routes and connectors in the Boston area.This cut down on the flow of drivers into the highly packed corporate beltway area, which relieve more congestion, and it made everyone a bit less stressed. Going along I-128 towards the west, brings us to the Ma ss. Pike. This connection is one good reason that I-128 became the technology route, because it connected to other states as well as the rest of Boston. Mass Pike is the oldest beltway in the Boston area.. Going up Northwest on the beltway is where route 128 intersects and meets route 3 and I-93. This area is one of the most congested of any part of the Boston area.This area is the center of the Lahey Medical marrow as well as the Bu rlington Mall. The Peabody and Danvers area, which is also on the Northwest part of I-128, is where I-95 resumes its route to Maine. Since its low-point in the mid-1990s, when several big companies severed or shortened their ties to the area, Route128 has returned to prominence as one of the nations premier high-tech zones. And the rejuvenation hasnt been express mail to just this highway that loops around Boston, but has expanded to other parts of the metro area as well.Unfortunately since planning is never foreseeable what could have been more of a commodity Route 128 became exploited and overdone. What recourses that could have been attained such as location, convenience and easy access to suburbs Route 128 became a city within itself and lost the suburban idealism which was to begin with sought after. Even though it was seemingly sufficient in space Route 128 has exceeded its limitations. This proves to be a learning experience in that Route 128 although successful in most of its purposes was a failure when it lost its ideals of function as a suburb.